Table 3.
Association Between Gastroesophageal Reflux Related Symptoms and Halitosis in Dentate Subjects (n = 2588)
| Model | Symptom: heartburn or acid regurgitation; referent: absent | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mild (n = 838) OR (95%-CI) | Moderate (n = 330) OR (95%-CI) | Severe (n = 65) OR (95%-CI) | |
| 1 | 1.49 (1.21–1.84) | 1.92 (1.45–2.52) | 3.32 (1.99–5.54) |
| 2 | 1.53 (1.24–1.90) | 1.94 (1.47–2.57) | 3.33 (1.98–5.59) |
| 3 | 1.40 (1.12–1.74) | 1.75 (1.32–2.32) | 2.71 (1.60–4.60) |
| 4 | 1.37 (1.10–1.70) | 1.70 (1.27–2.26) | 2.67 (1.57–4.55) |
| 5 | 1.31 (1.05–1.64) | 1.62 (1.21–2.17) | 2.47 (1.44–4.23) |
| 6 | 1.31 (1.05–1.63) | 1.60 (1.19–2.14) | 2.49 (1.44–4.31) |
| 7 | 1.29 (1.03–1.61) | 1.56 (1.16–2.09) | 2.45 (1.42–4.25) |
| 8 | 1.28 (1.02–1.60) | 1.48 (1.09–1.99) | 2.24 (1.27–3.92) |
Logistic regression analysis (dependent variable halitosis). Model 1: unadjusted. Model 2: adjusted for age and sex. Model 3: adjusted for variables in model 2 and depressive symptoms. Model 4: adjusted for variables in model 3, chronic gastritis, and history of gastric or duodenal ulcer. Model 5: adjusted for variables in model 4 and difficulty in swallowing. Model 6: adjusted for variables in model 5, spirits consumption during the past weekend, coffee consumption, and smoking status. Model 7: adjusted for variables in model 6, living together, and school education. Model 8: adjusted for variables in model 7, number of periodontal pockets, and gingival bleeding while tooth brushing
OR = odds ratio, CI = confidence interval