Table 4.
Association Between Gastroesophageal Reflux Related Symptoms and Self-reported Halitosis in Edentulous Subjects (n = 417)
| Model | Symptom: heartburn or acid regurgitation referent: absent | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mild (n = 101) OR (95%-CI) | Moderate (n = 61) OR (95%-CI) | Severe (n = 12) OR (95%-CI) | |
| 1 | 1.86 (0.82–4.20) | 2.29 (0.92–5.69) | 7.60 (2.05–28.14) |
| 2 | 2.09 (0.89–4.90) | 2.87 (1.10–7.48) | 11.22 (2.71–46.49) |
| 3 | 1.79 (0.75–4.29) | 2.45 (0.92–6.54) | 10.44 (2.48–43.96) |
| 4 | 2.02 (0.84–4.87) | 2.71 (1.01–7.32) | 14.19 (3.09–65.13) |
| 5 | 2.08 (0.86–5.02) | 2.73 (1.01–7.39) | 15.03 (3.26–69.38) |
| 6 | 2.01 (0.83–4.90) | 2.68 (0.98–7.31) | 13.75 (2.93–64.55) |
| 7 | 2.04 (0.83–5.01) | 2.78 (1.00–7.65) | 13.58 (2.84–64.91) |
| 8 | 2.06 (0.84–5.08) | 2.74 (0.99–7.62) | 12.94 (2.66–63.09) |
Logistic regression analysis (dependent variable: self-reported halitosis). Model 1: unadjusted. Model 2: adjusted for age and sex. Model 3: adjusted for variables in model 2 and depressive symptoms. Model 4: adjusted for variables in model 3, chronic gastritis, and history of gastric or duodenal ulcer. Model 5: adjusted for variables in model 4 and difficulty in swallowing. Model 6: adjusted for variables in model 5, spirits consumption during the past weekend, coffee consumption, and smoking status. Model 7: adjusted for variables in model 6, living together, and school education. Model 8: adjusted for variables in model 7, complete denture upper jaw, and complete denture lower jaw
OR = odds ratio, CI = confidence interval