Table 1.

Patient demographic and descriptive characteristics (N=283).

Variable
Age	49.8 (±12.8; range 21-89)
Gender (% female)	60.8
Married (% yes)	44.4
Race (% Caucasian)	85.1
High school graduate (% yes)	87.3
Pain site (% low back)	66.8
Yrs taking opioids	5.9 (±10.5; range 5 mos to 77 yrs)
Pain:† Worst (24 hrs; 0-10)	7.2 (±2.1; range 0-10
Least (24 hrs; 0-10)	4.4 (±2.2; range 0-10)
Average (24 hrs; 0-10)	6.0 (±1.8; range 0-10)
Now (0-10)	5.8 (±2.2; range 0-10)
Pain relief from meds* (0-10)	6.3 (±2.2; range 0-10)
Pain interference with:‡
General activity	6.4 (±2.6; range 0-10)
Mood	5.0 (±2.8; range 0-10)
Walking	6.1 (±3.0; range 0-10)
Normal work	7.1 (±2.6; range 0-10)
Relations with others	4.0 (±3.1; range 0-10)
Sleep	6.4 (±3.1; range 0-10)
Enjoyment of life	6.2 (±3.0; range 0-10)
Marlowe-Crowne Score	8.6 (±2.7; range 0-13)

^†0=no pain; 10=pain as bad as you can imagine

^*0=no relief; 10=complete relief

^‡0=does not interfere; 10=completely interferes