Table 1. Studies of prevalence of clinically significant emotional distress and its associations in cancer outpatients.
| Authors and year of publication (country) | Sample characteristics (n) | Self-rated measurea (cutoff used) | General distress | Anxiety | Depression | Examined clinical associations (yes/no) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Balderson and Towell 2003 (UK) | Prostate (94) | HADS (total ⩾15) | 38% | y | ||
| Berard et al 1998 (S Africa) | Breast, head and neck, lymphoma (456) | HADS (D⩾8) | 14% | n | ||
| Bisson et al 2002 (UK) | Prostate (88) | HADS (A ⩾11, D⩾11) | 8% | 0% | y | |
| Bradley et al 2005 (Canada) | Advanced mixed cancers, receiving radiotherapy (1296) | ESAS (total ⩾4) | 29% | 25% | y | |
| Dahl et al 2005 (Norway) | Testicular (1408) | HADS (A ⩾8, D ⩾8) | 19.2% | 9.7% | y | |
| Fallowfield et al 2001 (UK) | Mixed cancers (2297) | GHQ12 (total ⩾4) | 36.4% | n | ||
| Ford et al 1995 (UK) | Mixed cancers, newly diagnosed (117) | GHQ-30 (cutoff not specified) | 30% | n | ||
| HADS (A ⩾11, D⩾11) | 26% | 7% | ||||
| Grassi et al 2004 (Italy) | Mixed cancers (227) | HADS (A⩾11, D⩾11) | 17% | 9% | n | |
| Hahn et al 2004 (USA) | Mixed cancers receiving radiotherapy (124) | BDI-II (total ⩾14) | 15% | n | ||
| Hopwood et al 1991 (UK) | Advanced Breast cancer (81) | HADS (A⩾11 or D⩾11) | 42% | n | ||
| Ibbotson et al 1994 (UK) | Mixed cancers (513) | HADS (total ⩾15) | 17% | n | ||
| Norton et al 2004 (USA) | Ovarian, mostly advanced disease (143) | BDI (cutoff not specified) | 20% | y | ||
| Pascoe et al 2000 (Australia) | Mixed cancers (504) | HADS (A ⩾11, D⩾11, total ⩾8) | 30.6% | 11.5% | 7.1% | y |
| Razavi et al 1992 (Belgium) | Lymphoma (117) | (self-rated) DSM II-R | 36.8% | n | ||
| Sharpe et al 2004 (UK) | Mixed cancers (3938) | HADS (total ⩾ 15) | 23% | n | ||
| Yan and Sellick 2004 (China) | Gastro-intestinal, newly diagnosed on active treatment (146) | BDI-13 (total ⩾5) | 27.4% | y | ||
| Zabora et al 2001 (USA) | Mixed cancers (4496) | BSI (global severity index or total symptom score ⩾63 on either BSI subscale) | 35% | 24.1% | 18.7% | y |
BDI-II and BDI-13 variations on the Beck Depression Inventory; BSI=Brief Symptom Inventory;
a
BD1, ESAS=Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale; GHQ-30 and is the General Health Questionnaire–GHQ-30 items; HADS=Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and 12 items.
DSMII-R is interview is the Structured Clinical Interviews for DSM Axis 1 Disorders; n=no; y=yes. A=anxiety subscale; D=depression subscale.