Table 1. Studies reporting on dissemination of high-grade gliomas.
| References (no) | Histology (n) | Total number of patients | Site of dissemi-nation | % of SDD | Interval between primary diagnosis and dissemination median (range) | OS after diagnosis of dissemination median (range) | Treatment of primary tumour | Treatment of dissemination (n) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arita et al, 1994 (5) | GBM (10), AA (12) | 157 | ST BS, CB | 14 | 20 m (mean) (4–416 weeks) | 6 mo (2–41 weeks) | Surgery RT, CT | ith-Ommaya-CT, lumbal irradiation |
| Dropcho et al, 1987 (15) | GBM (13), AA (29), malignant glioma (8) | 50 | LM | 26 | 7 months | Surgery, CT, RT | ith. interferon focal RT, second surgery | |
| Endo et al, 2003 (20) | Cerebellar gliomas GBM (2), AA (n=2), anaplastic pilocytic astrocytoma (n=1) | 5 | LM | 100 | 10 months (5–29) | (2.8–4.8 mo) | Surgery, local RT+ACNU | Whole Brain RT+CT (3) VP shunt MTX ith |
| Grabb et al, 1992 (14) | GBM (4), mixed glioma (1), Anaplastic oligodendroglioma (3), AA (2), anaplastic ependymoma (1) | 33 | LM, V | 33 | 8 mo (1 w–59 months) | 4 mo (3 w- 11 mo) | Surgery, CT, irradiation | Conventional CT ,no, High-dose+BM rescue (1) spinal irradiation+CT (2) |
| Heideman et al, 1997 (16) | GBM (n=6), AA (n=3) | 29 | LM, SP | 31 | 3 y: 26% risk | ND | CSI | ND |
| Packer et al, 1985 (17) | AA (n=34) | 23 | 49 | 4 months | ND | ND | ||
| Saito et al, 2003 (22) | AA, GBM | 68 | All | 25 | 10.3 months (0–31.4) | 8.6 months | ND | ND |
| 17 | SP | 35 | 12.7 mo (7–35 mo) | 5.6 months | ||||
| Vertosick and Selker, 1990 (4) | GBM | 11 | LM, SP | 100 | 14.1 mo (5–62 mo) | 2.8 months (2-7mo) | ND | ND |
| Donahue et al, 1998 (21) | BS gliomas | 18 | LM | 50 | 9 months (4–17 months) | 9 months PFS | ||
| Allen et al, 1999 (23) | BS gliomas | 29 | n.d. | 44 | ||||
| Packer et al, 1990, 1993 (18,19) | BS gliomas | 35, 48 | LM, LM | 14, 8 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Current study | GBM (20), AA | 270 | LM + | 17 | 8.2 months | 3.2 months | Irradiation | Relapse CT: |
| (17), GC-GBM | V | 98% | topotecan, temozolomide | |||||
| (1), DIPG (8) | SRCT:46% | other CT; | ||||||
| Only pontine gliomas | 110 | 13 | 7.2 months | 3.6 months | CT:91% | RT, surgery: ND | ||
| Only nonpontine gliomas | 146 | 22 | 8.2 months | 3.1 months |
AA, anaplastic astrocytoma; BM, bone marrow; BS, brainstem; CB, cerebellar; CSI, craniospinal irradiation; CT, chemotherapy; DD, disseminated disease; DIPG, diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma; GBM, glioblastoma multiforme; GC-GBM, giant cell GBM; ith, intrathecal; LM, leptomeningeal; mo, months; nd, no data available; PFS, progression-free survival; RT, radiotherapy; SRCT, simultaneous radiochemotherapy (cisplatin; etoposide; ifosfamide; vincristine; methotrexate); SP, spinal; ST, supratentorial; V, ventricular; VP, ventriculoperitoneal; w, weeks; y, year.