TABLE 1.
Age-standardized characteristics of the study population by quintile (Q) intake of legumes (n = 64 191)
| Total legumes
|
Soybeans
|
Other legumes2 |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q5 | P for trend1 | Q1 | Q5 | P for trend1 | Q1 | Q5 | P for trend1 | |
| Age (y) | 49 (44–63)3 | 49 (43–55) | <0.001 | 48 (43–50) | 50 (44–60) | <0.001 | 51 (44–63) | 47 (43–55) | <0.001 |
| Energy intake (kcal/d) | 1479.3 ± 321.74 | 1848.9 ± 321.9 | <0.001 | 1527.2 ± 335.8 | 1783.5 ± 333.5 | <0.001 | 1498.5 ± 328.8 | 1827.6 ± 329.5 | <0.001 |
| BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 (%) | 30.8 (30.0–31.6) | 35.7 (34.9–36.5) | <0.001 | 31.2 (30.4–32.0) | 35.1 (34.3–35.9) | <0.001 | 31.9 (31.1–32.7) | 34.6 (33.8–35.4) | <0.001 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio ≥ 0.85 (%) | 20.1 (19.4–20.8) | 19.1 (18.4–19.8) | <0.01 | 20.2 (19.5–20.9) | 19.1 (18.4–19.8) | <0.01 | 19.8 (19.2–20.4) | 19.7 (19.1–20.5) | 0.24 |
| Ever smoker (%) | 2.7 (2.4–3.0) | 2.2 (1.9–2.5) | <0.001 | 3.1 (2.8–3.4) | 1.9 (1.6–2.2) | <0.001 | 3.2 (2.9–3.5) | 1.8 (1.5–2.1) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol consumption (%) | 3.1 (2.8–3.3) | 1.9 (1.6–2.2) | 0.01 | 2.2 (1.9–2.5) | 2.5 (2.2–2.8) | 0.03 | 2.5 (2.2–2.8) | 2.3 (2.0–2.6) | 0.28 |
| Exercise (%) | 27.8 (27.0–28.6) | 36.2 (35.4–37.0) | <0.001 | 28.9 (28.1–29.7) | 35.5 (34.7–36.3) | <0.001 | 28.4 (27.7–29.3) | 36.1 (35.3–36.9) | <0.001 |
| Education (%) | |||||||||
| None | 22.6 (21.9–23.4) | 15.5 (14.9–16.1) | <0.001 | 22.1 (21.4–22.8) | 15.6 (15.0–16.2) | <0.001 | 21.3 (21.7–21.9) | 16.6 (16.0–17.2) | <0.001 |
| Elementary | 40.6 (39.8–41.4) | 37.5 (36.7–38.3) | 39.6 (38.8–40.4) | 37.7 (36.9–38.5) | 40.9 (40.1–41.7) | 37.3 (36.5–38.1) | |||
| Up to high school | 25.3 (24.6–26.0) | 32.0 (31.2–32.8) | 25.6 (24.9–26.3) | 32.4 (31.6–33.2) | 26.3 (25.6–27.0) | 30.5 (29.7–31.3) | |||
| College | 11.5 (11.0–12.0) | 15.0 (14.4–15.6) | 12.8 (12.2–13.4) | 14.3 (13.7–14.9) | 11.5 (11.0–12.0) | 15.6 (15.0–16.2) | |||
| Income level (%) | |||||||||
| <10 000 yuan/y | 17.6 (17.0–18.2) | 15.6 (15.0–16.2) | <0.001 | 17.2 (16.6–17.8) | 15.4 (14.8–16.0) | <0.001 | 17.4 (16.8–18.0) | 15.4 (14.8–16.0) | <0.001 |
| 10 000–19 999 yuan/y | 37.8 (37.0–38.6) | 38.7 (37.9–39.5) | 37.2 (36.4–38.0) | 38.1 (37.3–38.9) | 38.2 (37.4–39.0) | 38.2 (37.4–39.0) | |||
| 20 000–29 999 yuan/y | 28.4 (27.6–29.2) | 27.5 (26.8–28.2) | 28.4 (27.6–29.2) | 28.0 (27.3–28.7) | 27.7 (26.9–27.5) | 27.9 (27.2–28.6) | |||
| >30 000 yuan/y | 16.2 (15.6–16.8) | 18.2 (17.5–18.9) | 17.2 (16.6–17.8) | 18.5 (17.9–19.1) | 16.8 (16.2–17.4) | 18.5 (17.9–19.1) | |||
| Occupation (%) | |||||||||
| Professional | 17.8 (17.1–18.5) | 20.1 (19.4–20.8) | 0.03 | 18.8 (18.1–19.5) | 20.0 (19.4–20.6) | <0.001 | 17.7 (17.1–18.3) | 20.6 (19.9–21.3) | 0.29 |
| Clerical | 13.3 (12.7–13.9) | 12.99 (12.3–13.5) | 13.8 (13.2–14.4) | 12.4 (11.9–12.9) | 12.9 (12.3–13.5) | 13.1 (12.5–13.7) | |||
| Manual laborers | 22.6 (21.9–23.3) | 22.3 (22.6–23.0) | 22.7 (22.0–23.4) | 22.8 (22.6–23.4) | 22.7 (22.0–23.4) | 22.5 (21.8–23.2) | |||
| Housewife or retired | 46.2 (45.4–47.0) | 44.7 (44.9–45.5) | 44.7 (44.9–45.5) | 44.8 (44.0–45.6) | 46.7 (45.9–47.5) | 43.7 (42.9–44.5) | |||
| Hypertension (%)5 | 18.4 (17.7–19.1) | 19.1 (18.4–19.8) | <0.001 | 18.5 (17.8–19.2) | 19.4 (18.8–20.0) | <0.001 | 18.7 (18.1–19.3) | 19.3 (18.6–20.0) | <0.001 |
1
Calculated with a proportional odds model for the prevalences of population characteristics by ANOVA test for energy intake and with a Kruskal-Wallis test for age.
2
Excludes peanuts and soybeans.
3
Median; interquartile range in parentheses (all such values). Age was not normally distributed.
4
x̄ ± SD (all such values).
5
Participants with a history of hypertension at baseline.