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. 2008 Jan 8;98(2):245–249. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604087

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Copyright © 2008 Cancer Research UK

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Ageing, senescence, and cellular phenotypic responses. With chronological ageing, telomere attrition leading to replicative exhaustion and/or an accumulation of environmental exposures leads to cellular senescence. DNA damage is sensed by the cell resulting in the activation of the p53–p21 and/or pRB–p16 pathways, leading to induction and maintenance of the senescent cellular state. The senescence programme consists of the robust expression of a diverse set of genes, a subset of which have the potential to alter the tissue microenvironment and promote carcinogenesis.