Table 1. Association between cervical HPV infection and socio-demographic, behavioural and infectious factors in the Gambia Reproductive Morbidity Study.
| HPV infected/total (%) | Crude OR (95%CI) | χ2 P-value | Adjusted ORa (95% CI) | P-valueb | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age group | |||||
| 15–24 | 27/184 (15%) | 1 | 1 | ||
| 25–34 | 22/213 (10%) | 0.67 (0.37–1.22) | 0.69 (0.37–1.29) | ||
| 35–44 | 27/191 (14%) | 0.96 (0.54–1.7) | 1.10 (0.60–2.04) | ||
| 45–54 | 19/122 (16%) | 1.07 (0.57–2.02) | 0.461 | 1.13 (0.57–2.25) | 0.387 |
| Ethnic group c | |||||
| Wolof | 20/242 (8%) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Mandinka | 47/328 (14%) | 1.86 (1.07–3.22) | 0.002 | 1.76 (1.00–3.09) | |
| Fula | 27/129 (21%) | 2.94 (1.57–5.48) | 2.85 (1.51–5.40) | 0.005 | |
| Marital status c | |||||
| Monogamous | 40/266 (15%) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Polygamous | 51/416 (12%) | 0.79 (0.50–1.23) | 0.84 (0.51–1.36) | ||
| Divorced/widowed | 3/22 (14%) | 0.89 (0.25–3.15) | 0.582 | 0.84 (0.23–3.07) | 0.772 |
| Parity | |||||
| Nulliparous | 9/56 (16%) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Para 1–3 | 29/205 (14%) | 0.86 (0.38–1.94) | 0.85 (0.37–1.96) | ||
| Para 4–7 | 40/322 (12%) | 0.74 (0.34–1.63) | 0.83 (0.33–2.08) | ||
| Para 8+ | 17/127 (13%) | 0.81 (0.34–1.94) | 0.871 | 0.65 (0.23–1.82) | 0.844 |
| Sexually active in last 3 months | |||||
| Yes | 62/497 (12%) | 1 | 1 | ||
| No | 21/133 (16%) | 1.31 (0.77–2.25) | 1.23 (0.70–2.19) | ||
| No answer | 12/80 (15%) | 1.23 (0.63–2.42) | 0.549 | 1.19 (0.58–2.41) | 0.731 |
| Genital prolapse | |||||
| Absent | 59/377 (16%) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Present | 36/329 (11%) | 0.66 (0.42–1.03) | 0.067 | 0.73 (0.46–1.16) | 0.183 |
| HSV2 serology | |||||
| Negative | 53/444 (12%) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Positive | 40/244 (16%) | 1.45 (0.93–2.26) | 0.102 | 1.27 (0.78–2.08) | 0.343 |
| Current STI d | |||||
| Absent | 81/605 (13%) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Present | 10/73 (14%) | 1.03 (0.51–2.08) | 0.941 | 0.77 (0.36–1.65) | 0.494 |
| Endogenous infection e | |||||
| Absent | 48/328 (15%) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Present | 45/319 (14%) | 0.96 (0.62–1.49) | 0.848 | 1.00 (0.63–1.59) | 0.985 |
| Anaemia f | |||||
| Absent | 41/322 (13%) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Mild | 33/272 (12%) | 0.95 (0.58–1.54) | 0.86 (0.52–1.43) | ||
| Moderate/severe | 18/96 (19%) | 1.58 (0.86–2.91) | 0.237 | 1.45 (0.77–2.73) | 0.319 |
a
Adjusted for age group, marital status and ethnic group.
b
From likelihood ratio test adjusting for age group, marital status and ethnic group.
c
Five single women (one had HPV) and 11 women of other ethnic groups (one had HPV) were excluded from this analysis because of small numbers.
d
Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis, positive Syphilis serology.
e
Candida culture positive, Bacterial vaginosis (Nugent's criteria).
f
Anaemia: mild=Hb<11 (pregnant) Hb<12 (nonpregnant), moderate/severe=Hb<9 (pregnant), Hb<10 (nonpregnant).