Table 1. Case–control studies of diabetes and pancreatic cancer.
|
PC cases
|
Controls
|
Diabetes
|
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First author and year | No. | Source | No. | Source | Source diagnosis | Duration (years) | % PC cases | Level of adjustment | Relative risk | 95% CI |
| Cuzick, 1989 | 216 | Newly diagnosed patients, England | 279 | Hospital patients | SR, MR | >1 | 6.0 M | Age, sex | 2.59 | 0.63–16.1 |
| 2.0 F | 6.64 | 1.33–65.2 | ||||||||
| Wynder, 1973 | 142 | Patients, US | 142 | Hospital patients | SR | >2 | 5.0 M | Age, sex, race, hospital | 1.00 | 0.31–3.12 |
| 16.7 F | 7.80 | 1.90–38.5 | ||||||||
| Norell, 1986 | 99 | Newly diagnosed patients, Sweden | 301 | Community | SR | >5 | 4.0 | Age, sex, residence | 2.40 | 0.60–9.70 |
| Frye, 2000 | 116 | Patients, New Zealand | 232 | Hospital patients | MR | >1 | Age, sex | 2.75 | 0.81–10.2 | |
| 1.75 | 0.46–7.09 | |||||||||
| Farrow, 1990 | 148 | Patients in cancer registry US | 188 | Community | P | >3 | 7.1 | Age, smoking, education | 6.70 | 1.80–24.9 |
| Jain, 1991 | 249 | Newly diagnosed patients, Canada | 505 | Community | SR, P | 5–10 | 3.8 | Age, sex, smoking, energy and fiber intake | 2.14 | 0.75–6.17 |
| Lin, 1981 | 109 | Hospitalised patients, US | 109 | Hospital patients | SR | >1 | 7.4 | Age, sex, race, marital status, hospital | 0.78 | 0.28–2.09 |
| Bueno de Mesquita, 1992 | 176 | Patients, Netherlands | 487 | Community | SR, P | >1 | 6.4 M | Age, proxy, smoking | 0.73 | 0.27–2.00 |
| 7.3 F | 0.93 | 0.35–2.50 | ||||||||
| Ekoe, 1992 | 179 | Patients, Quebec | 239 | Community | SR | >1 | NA | Age, sex, smoking, education | 2.52 | 1.04–6.11 |
| Kalapothaki, 1993 | 181 | Hospitalised patients, Greece | 362 | Hospitalised patients | SR | >10 | 5.0 | Age, sex, hospital | 3.60 | 1.80–7.10 |
| Silverman, 2001 | 526 | Hospitalised patients, US | 2153 | Community | SR, P | 2–4 | NA | Age, sex, race, area, smoking, alcohol, BMI | 1.40 | 0.70–2.40 |
| Gold, 1985 | 201 | Newly diagnosed patients, US | 402 | Hospitalised patients | SR, P | >2 | 10.0 | Age, sex, race, hospital | 0.63 | 0.34–1.15 |
| La Vecchia, 1994 | 362 | Hospitalised patients, Italy | 1089 | Hospitalised patients | SR | >1 | 14.4M | Age, sex, education, BMI | 2.60 | 1.80–4.80 |
| 9.8 F | 1.40 | 0.80–2.50 | ||||||||
| Bonelli, 2003 | 202 | Hospitalised patients, Italy | 406 | Hospitalised patients | SR | >1 | 18.3 | Age, sex, centre, education, occupation, tobacco, alcohol | 2.80 | 1.63–4.76 |
| Lee, 1996 | 282 | Hospitalised patients, Taipei | 282 | Hospital | SR | >1 | 28.7 | Age, sex, smoking, alcohol | 2.84 | 1.80–4.52 |
| Gullo, 1994 | 720 | Hospitalised patients, Italy | 720 | Hospitalised patients | SR, MR | >1 | 13.6 | Age, social class, region, hospital | 1.80 | 1.30–2.50 |
| O'Mara, 1985 | 93 | Hospitalised patients, US | NA | Hospitalised patients | SR | NA | 7.6 | Age | 2.40 | 1.80–3.50 |
PC=pancreatic cancer; SR=self-reported diabetes; MR=medical record of diabetes; P=proxy provided information on diabetes status; NA=data not available.