Table 2. Cohort and nested case–control studies of diabetes and pancreatic cancer.
|
Diabetes
|
PC among individuals with diabetes
|
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First author and year | Cohort source | Source of diagnosis | Duration | No. PY follow-up | Source | No. of cases | Level of adjustment | Relative risk | 95% CI |
| Ragozzino, 1982 | Rochester, US | MR | >1 | 9800 | MR, DC | 3 M | Age, sex | 2.70 | 0.60–9.50 |
| 2 F | 2.50 | 0.30–18.4 | |||||||
| Whittemore, 1983 | 50 000 students, Harvard University, US | SR | >6 | NA | DC | 3 | Age | 6.08 | 0.99–47.0 |
| Rulyak, 2003 | 251 subjects, Washington, US | SR | NA | NA | MR, P, DC | NA | Age, smoking, sex, prior history of non-PC | 2.10 | 0.40–10.9 |
| Hiatt, 1988 | 122 894, San Francisco, US | SR | >5 | NA | MR, CR | 5 | Age, sex, race, smoking, alcohol, coffee | 4.50 | 1.20–16.7 |
| Balkau, 1993 | 6988 male civil servants, France | OGTT | >2 | NA | MR, P | NA | Age, smoking | 3.60 | 1.00–13.0 |
| Shibata, 1994 | 13 976 Southern California retirees, US | SR | =<4 | 3057 | MR | 4 | Age, sex, smoking | 3.63 | 1.22–10.8 |
| Inoue, 2003 | 200, Japan | SR | >1 | NA | MR, CR | NA | Age, sex, family history, alcohol, exercise, diet | 2.07 | 1.14–3.74 |
| 1.29 | 0.46–3.56 | ||||||||
| Batty, 2004 | 18 006 male civil servants, UK | OGTT | NA | NA | DC | 4 | Age, employment, smoking, SBP, physical activity, disease history | 3.99 | 1.44–11.0 |
| Jee, 2005 | 1 298 385, Korea | OGTT | >1 | NA | MR, CR | NA | Age, smoking, alcohol use | 1.71 | 1.42–2.06 |
| 1.71 | 1.25–2.34 | ||||||||
| Lund Nilsen 2000 | 31 000 M | SR | NA | 6181 | CR | 4 M | Age, sex | 1.10 | 0.40–3.00 |
| 32 374 F, Norway | 8059 | 3 F | 0.80 | 0.30–2.70 | |||||
| Mills, 1988 | 34 000 Adventists, California | SR | >1 | 9683 | DC | 8 | Age, sex | 3.43 | 1.47–7.94 |
| Gapstur, 2000 | 20 473 M, 15 183 F, Chicago | SR | NA | NA | DC | NA | Age | 2.48 | 1.20–4.49 |
| Stolzenberg-Solomon, 2002 | 29 084 M, Finland | SR | >5 | 10 669 | CR, MR | 14 | Age, smoking, occupational activity, asthma, blood pressure | 2.23 | 1.08–4.60 |
| Lin, 2002 | 110 792, Japan | SR | >1 | 20 859 M, 15 389 F | DC | 17 | Age, sex, and smoking | 2.10 | 1.20–3.60 |
| 9 | 1.50 | 0.73–3.12 | |||||||
| Friedman, 1993 | 175 000, San Francisco | SR | >1 | NA | MR, CR | Age, weight | 2.37 | 1.46–3.85 | |
| Adami, 1994 | 1.2 million, Sweden | Hospitalised patients | >1 | 143 618 M | CR | 68 M | Age, sex | 1.40 | 1.10–1.80 |
| 119 643 F | 88 F | 1.50 | 1.20–1.80 | ||||||
| Coughlin, 2004 | 467 922 M, 588 322 F, Columbia and Puerto Rico | SR | >1 | NA | DC | NA | Age, sex, race, education, family history, BMI, smoking, alcohol, diet history | 1.48 | 1.27–1.73 |
| 1.44 | 1.21–1.72 | ||||||||
| Chow, 1995 | 134 096 hospitalised for diabetes, Sweden | Hospitalised patients | >1 | 432 643 M | CR | 303 | Age, sex, year of follow-up | 1.88 | 1.62–2.10 |
| 468493 F | 347 | 1.97 | 1.77–2.19 | ||||||
| Wideroff, 1997 | 109 581 hospitalised for diabetes, Denmark | Hospitalised patients | >1 | 628 129 | MR, CR | 417 | Age, sex, year of follow-up | 1.70 | 1.50–2.50 |
| 1.60 | 1.40–2.90 | ||||||||
PC=pancreatic cancer; MR=medical record of diabetes; SR=self-reported diabetes; OGTT=oral glucose tolerance test; P=proxy provided information on diabetes status; NA=data not available; DC=death certificate; CR=case-record form; M=male; F=female.