. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2008 Apr 30.

Published in final edited form as: J Med Food. 2007 Sep;10(3):423–434. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2006.257

Table 1.

Concentration and Percentage of Known Amides and Caffeic Acid Derivatives in Echinacea Preparations

	E. angustifolia			E. pallida			E. purpurea
	μg/mg of extract^a	% metabolites^b	μg/mouse/day^c	μg/mg of extract^a	% metabolites^b	μg/mouse/day^c	μg/mg of extract^a	% metabolites^b	μg/mouse/day^c
Amide 1	1.620	1.50	5.447	ND			6.708	7.86	22.550
Amide 2	1.161	1.08	3.904	6.443	21.83	21.660	12.471	14.27	41.921
Amide 3	3.319	3.08	11.158	1.626	5.51	5.466	12.532	14.34	42.127
Amide 4	0.488	0.45	1.639	1.403	4.75	4.715	6.148	7.08	20.789
Amide 5	2.531	2.36	8.507	0.704	2.38	2.367	2.483	2.84	8.347
Amide 7	ND			ND			3.619	4.14	12.167
Amide 8	55.425	51.47	196.319	ND			21.573	24.69	75.521
Amide 9	7.685	7.14	25.835	6.885	23.32	23.146	12.477	12.28	41.942
Amide 10	5.334	4.95	17.931	0.431	1.46	1.449	0.905	1.04	3.042
Amide 11	13.306	12.36	44.730	0.713	2.42	2.398	0.782	0.90	2.630
Amide 12	4.055	3.77	13.631	ND			ND
Amide 13	3843	3.56	12.888	ND			ND
Amide 14	3.011	2.80	10.121	ND			ND
Total amides	101.769	94.499	342.110	18.206	61.673	61.200	79.734	91.256	268.036
Caftaric acid	ND			0.543	1.84	1.824	1.184	1.36	3.980
Chlorogenic acid	0.473	0.44	1.590	1.357	4.60	4.563	ND
Cynarin	1.929	1.79	6.48.	ND			ND
Echinacoside	3.523	3.27	11.84.	8.350	28.29	28.069	ND
Cichoric acid	ND			1.064	3.60	3.577	6.456	7.39	21.702
Total caffeic acid derivatives	5.924	5.50	19.916	11.314	38.33	38.033	7.640	8.74	25.682
Total metabolites	107.694	100	362.025	29.520	100	99.234	87.374	100	293.719

ND, not detected.

Average of duplicate determinations.

% metabolites = (concentration of individual metabolite/concentration of total metabolites) × 100.

Intake of individual metabolite for each mouse on each day of oral Echinacea administration.