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. 2008 May 14;3(5):e2178. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002178

Figure 4. Model for the timing of host cell manipulation by TTSS-1.

Figure 4

The bacterium harbors a pre-formed effector protein pool and the TTSS is triggered upon docking to the host cell (0s p.i.). SipA and SopE are injected during the first phase (first 30–150s p.i.) and trigger ruffling and invasion. Afterwards, SptP is injected and begins to reverse Rac1 and Cdc42 activation (150–500s p.i.). Finally, SopE (and presumably SipA) are degraded while SptP persists considerably longer in the host cell cytosol. As a result, the host cell actin cytoskeleton returns back to its normal shape.