Table 1.
AS demographic, functional, general cognitive and language data compared to published normative data, or to fifteen age- and education-matched normal control subjects. Impaired scores are indicated in bold
| Demographics and functional data (max): | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year 1 (1999)
Score (%) |
Year 2 (2000)
Score (%) |
Year 3 (2001)
Score (%) |
Year 4 (2002)
Score (%) |
|
| Age | 53 | 54 | 55 | 56 |
| Geriatric Depression Scale* | 7 (16) | — | 8 (8) | NA |
| MMSE (30) | 29 (50) | 29 (50) | 27 (9) | 16 ( < 1) |
| CDR | 0 | 0.5 | 0.5 | — |
| Visuospatial functions (max): | ||||
| Modified Rey-O Copy (16)* | 16 ( ≥ 69) | 15 (37) | 13 (2) | NA |
| Block Design (Scaled Score) | 13 (84) | — | 9 (37) | NA |
| Benton Faces (6)* | — | — | 6 ( ≥ 50) | 4 (2) |
| VOSP Number Location (10) | — | — | 10 ( ≥ 71) | 8 (10) |
| Visual memory: | ||||
| Modified Rey-O Delay (17)* | 17 ( ≥ 93) | 17 ( ≥ 93) | 15 (74) | NA |
| WMS-III Visual Reproductions II (scaled score) | 14 (91) | — | — | NA |
| WMS-III Faces II (scaled score) | — | — | 18 ( > 99) | NA |
| Verbal memory: | ||||
| CVLT-MS: | ||||
| 4-trial total correct (36) | 31 (78) | 31 (78) | 25 (8) | 13 ( < 1) |
| 30″ free recall (9) | 9 ( ≥ 98) | 9 ( ≥ 98) | 7 (63) | 2 ( < 1) |
| 10′ free recall (9) | 9 ( ≥ 84) | 9 ( ≥ 84) | 8 (63) | 0 ( < 1) |
| 10′ recognition (9) | 9 ( ≥ 63) | 9 ( ≥ 63) | 9 ( ≥ 63) | 9 ( ≥ 63) |
| Working memory: | ||||
| Spatial span backward (# digits) | 7 (98) | — | 6 (75) | NA |
| Digit span backward (# digits) | 5 (56) | 5 (56) | 3 (16) | D/C |
| Executive functions: | ||||
| Design fluency (designs/minute scaled score) | 10 (63) | 8 (37) | 7 (25) | NA |
| Modified trails speed (lines/minute)* | 26 (10) | 24 (6) | 18 (1) | NA |
| Abstraction total (4)* | 4 ( ≥ 81) | 3 (32) | 3 (32) | NA |
| Stroop Color-Word (# words/min)* | 37 (6) | 24 (1) | 17 ( < 1) | NA |
| Calculation (5)* | 5 ( ≥ 73) | 5 ( ≥ 73) | 5 ( ≥ 73) | NA |
| Praxis(14)* | 14 ( ≥ 64) | 14 ( ≥ 64) | 11 ( < 1) | NA |
| Speech and language production | ||||
| MSE Speech Apraxia Rating (7) | — | — | 2 | 6 |
| MSE Dysarthria Rating (7) | — | — | 0 | 2 |
| BDAE verbal agility | 12 ( < 1) | — | 10 ( < 1) | — |
| WAB speech fluency (10) | — | — | 10 | 5 |
| WAB speech information content (10) | — | — | 9 | 2 |
| Phonemic word production: “D” words* | 10 (7) | 9 (4) | 4 ( < 1) | NA |
| Semantic word production: animals | 18 (34) | 13 (7) | 11 (3) | NA |
| Phonological memory skills | ||||
| Gathercole & Baddeley Nonword repetition (40) | 39 (NA) | 38 (NA) | ||
| PALPA Homophone decision (60) | — | — | 47 (NA) | |
| Lexical retrieval, verbal comprehension and semantics | ||||
| Boston Naming Test | 60/60 ( > 90) | 15/15 ( > 90) | 60/60 ( > 90) | 8/15 (< 1) |
| Pyramid and Palm Trees Pictures (52) | 52 ( > 75) | 52 ( > 75)† | 51 (9)† | — |
| WAB Yes/No Comprehension (60) | 57 (< 1) | 57 (< 1) | ||
| WAB Auditory Word Recognition (60) | 60 9 (NA) | 60 (NA) | ||
| WAB Repetition (100) | 88 (< 1) | 72 (< 1) | ||
| Sentence comprehension | ||||
| WAB Sequential Commands (80) | 67 (< 1) | 62 (< 1) | ||
| Comprehension of sentences (7)* | 7 (61) | 7 (61) | 5 (< 1) | — |
| CYCLE (syntactic task)* Total (55) | 45 (< 1) | 33 (< 1) | ||
| Cycle 2, 3 (10) | 10 (NA) | 10 (NA) | ||
| Cycle 4 (15) | 14 (NA) | 13 (NA) | ||
| Cycle 5, 7 (10) | 8 (NA) | 4 (NA) | ||
| Cycle 8 (10) | 8 (< 1) | 5 (< 1) | ||
| Cycle 9 (10) | 6 (< 1) | 2 (< 1) | ||
| Reading | ||||
| PALPA Spelling to sound: regular words (max = 30) | 29 (< 1) | NA | ||
| exception words (max = 30) | 29 (< 1) | NA | ||
| PALPA lexical morphology (max = 60) | 54 (NA) | NA | ||
| PALPA grammatical class (max = 80) | 78 (NA) | NA | ||
*
Percentiles calculated using normal control data; otherwise, published norms were used.