Table 2.

Serum and tissue cytokine and chemokine levels and effects of cidofovir treatment on infections initiated by 5-μl and 50-μl i.n. inoculation volumes of the same infectious dose of a syncytium-forming cowpox virus.

			5-μl Infection		50-μl Infection
Factor^a		Uninfected	Cidofovir	Placebo	Cidofovir	Placebo
GM-CSF	serum	<0.1 ± 0.0	0.5 ± 0.5^*	3.7 ± 2.4^ΨΨΨ (>37) b	1.0 ± 0.9^**	8.7 ± 8.5^ΨΨΨ (>87)
	lungs	3.0 ± 2.5	9.8 ± 1.2^**	15 ± 3.0^φφ, ^ΨΨΨ	17 ± 1.6^**	22 ± 3.5^ΨΨΨ
	snout	3.8 ± 2.2	12 ± 7.7	14 ± 9.2^Ψ	13 ± 8.1	11 ± 6.8^Ψ
IFNγ	serum	9.8 ± 8.5	<1 ± 0.0^*	16 ± 29	<1 ± 0.0^*	65 ± 130
	lungs	95 ± 48	65 ± 18	69 ± 31^φφφ	645 ± 97^***	349 ±109^ΨΨΨ
	snout	42 ± 26	3,006 ± 1,042	2,679 ± 891^ΨΨΨ (64)	2,229 ± 939	2,044 ± 825^ΨΨΨ (49)
IL-1β	serum	<1 ± 0.0	7.8 ± 2.2^**	21 ± 8.7^ΨΨΨ (>210)	10 ± 3.7^**	19 ± 5.0^ΨΨΨ (>190)
	lungs	7.1 ± 8.4	34 ± 4.8	38 ± 8.6^φ ^Ψ	51 ± 13	68 ± 31^Ψ
	snout	19.6 ± 8.0	1,233 ± 2,146^Ψ	2,573 ± 2,550^ΨΨ (131)	577 ± 356	1,092 ± 1,228 (56)
IL-2	serum	0.3 ± 0.5	1.0 ± 0.4^*	9.4 ± 7.0^ΨΨ (31)	2.7 ± 1.4^**	6.9 ± 2.0^ΨΨΨ (23)
	lungs	0.1 ± 0.2	3.3 ± 0.4^***	5.9 ± 1.1^φφφ,^ΨΨΨ (59)	15 ± 3.8	16 ± 3.7^ΨΨΨ (16)
	snout	0.1 ± 0.2	4.4 ± 2.0	5.0 ± 2.6^ΨΨ (50)	4.2 ± 1.6	3.9 ± 1.7^ΨΨΨ (39)
IL-3	serum	<0.1 ± 0.0	<0.1 ± 0.0^*	2.6 ± 2.1^ΨΨΨ (>26)	0.5 ± 1.0^*	8.1 ± 11^ΨΨΨ (>81)
	lungs	6.0 ± 4.0	5.4 ± 0.7^**	8.8 ± 1.8^φφφ	18 ± 4.5^***	43 ± 12^ΨΨΨ
	snout	4.1 ± 1.4	19 ± 17	26 ± 20^Ψ	15 ± 8.8	16 ± 9.3^Ψ
IL-5	serum	0.5 ± 0.8	1.9 ± 0.5^***	22 ± 9.8^ΨΨΨ (44)	4.0 ± 1.1^*	15 ± 9.1^ΨΨ (30)
	lungs	0.8 ± 1.3	7.8 ± 1.4^**	14 ± 4.3^φ,^ΨΨΨ (18)	33 ± 9.9	37 ± 19^ΨΨΨ (46)
	snout	2.3 ± 2.2	2.7 ± 4.7	5.4 ± 5.7	1.5 ± 1.0	2.5 ± 2.8
IL-6	serum	39 ± 61	70 ± 54^*	2,102 ± 1,800^Ψ (54)	254 ± 222^**	2,781 ± 1,583^ΨΨ (71)
	lungs	2.5 ± 1.3	20 ± 27	51 ± 31^φφφ (20)	12,667 ± 4,537^***	44,886 ± 5,208^ΨΨΨ (17,954)
	snout	7.8 ± 4.1	18,723 ± 7,733^***, ^ΨΨΨ	51,330 ± 2,523^φ, ^ΨΨΨ (6,580)	2,449 ± 3,558^***	36,770 ± 15,570^ΨΨΨ (4,714)
IL-9	serum	<1 ± 0	201 ± 91^***	760 ± 170^ΨΨΨ (>760)	356 ± 336	664 ± 127^ΨΨΨ (>664)
	lungs	<1 ± 0	550 ± 160^***	1,022 ± 113^φφ, ^ΨΨΨ (>1,022)	867 ± 218^**	1,280 ± 109^ΨΨΨ (>1,280)
	snout	<1 ± 0	1,106 ± 271	1,246 ± 415^ΨΨΨ (6,580)	907 ± 166	1,016 ± 260^ΨΨΨ (>1,016)
IL-10	serum	17 ± 11	1.6 ± 2.7^**	96 ± 60^φφ ^Ψ	18 ± 22^**	1833 ± 991^ΨΨ (108)
	lungs	23 ± 3.0	14 ± 5.7^**	42 ± 22^φφφ, ^ΨΨ	164 ± 78^***	1,726 ± 715^ΨΨΨ (75)
	snout	15 ± 12	810 ± 562	1,093 ± 911^Ψ (73)	444 ± 120	732 ± 469^ΨΨ (49)
MCP-1	serum	314 ± 222	332 ± 57^***	1,382 ± 306^ΨΨΨ	589 ± 248^**	1,429 ± 401^ΨΨΨ
	lungs	120 ± 56	437 ± 16	450 ± 65^φφ ^φ, ^ΨΨΨ	1,472 ± 205	1,709 ± 345^ΨΨΨ (14)
	snout	243 ± 48	379 ± 361	618 ± 256^ΨΨ	488 ± 133	529 ± 197^ΨΨ
TNFα	serum	2.7 ± 4.7	6.3 ± 6.0	12 ± 11	6.4 ± 4.9^*	28 ± 17^ΨΨ (10)
	lungs	8.4 ± 5.2	21 ± 12	34 ± 20^Ψ	30 ± 11^***	48 ±17^ΨΨΨ
	snout	19 ± 5	70 ± 86	143 ± 10^Ψ	95 ± 41^*	176 ± 75^ΨΨΨ

Determined on day 7 of the 50-μl volume infection and on day 9 for the 5-μl volume infection, which was near the death of each group. Cidofovir was given once a day for 2 days starting 24 h after virus exposure. Levels are in pg/ml ± SD (N=6).

Values in parentheses are fold differences of placebos from untreated mice. Only placebos with fold increases ≥10 are shown.

P<0.05,

^**

P<0.01,

^***

P< 0.001, comparing effects of cidofovir treatment to the respective placebo control.

^φ

P<0.05,

^φφ

P<0.01,

^φφφ

P<0.001, comparing 5-μl placebo to 50-μl placebo.

^Ψ

P<0.05,

^ΨΨ

P<0.01,

^ΨΨΨ

P<0.001, comparing 5-μl and 50-μl placebo groups to uninfected animals.