Table 2.

Simple geometric parameters of the wingbeat cycle (rear-view camera). c is the mean chord. Values are ±s.d.

flight speed	U (m s−1)	4	6	8	10
amplitude	A/c	2.5±0.2	2.5±0.2	2.6±0.2	2.7±0.1
span ratio	R	0.39±0.005	0.41±0.04	0.33±0.01	0.31±0.02