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. 2007 Dec 31;179(7):1413–1426. doi: 10.1083/jcb.200706179

Figure 3.

Figure 3.

PR-Set7 silencing causes massive DNA breaks during S phase, which leads to activation of the DNA damage checkpoint. (A) Representative comets of shLuc and shPR7 U2OS cells and shPR7 U2OSSR cells. Alkaline comet analysis was performed 3 d after shRNA expression. At least 200 randomly chosen comets were captured. (B) Distribution of cells with different comet tail moments and quantification of the number of cells with comet tail moments greater than five (inset) are illustrated for each cell line. The tail moment and distribution were scored from 200 cells/slide by using Comet Imager 1.2.10 software. (C) Immunoblot analysis of the total levels of p53 and P21 and the levels of phosphorylation of ATM, ATR, CHK1, H2A.X, and p53 in U2OS (lanes 1 and 2) and U2OSSR (lane 3) cells 3 d after either shLuc (lane 1) or shPR7 (lanes 2 and 3) expression. (D) Immunofluorescence of BrdU (a, c, and e) and γ-H2A.X (b, d, and f) in shLuc and shPR7 U2OS cells and shPR7 U2OSSR cells 3 h after release from a thymidine block. (bottom) Quantification of double BrdU and γ-H2A.X–positive cells in shRNA-expressing U2OS and U2OSSR cell lines. Cells were harvested and analyzed by immunofluorescence at the times indicated. The percentages of double BrdU and γ-H2A.X–positive cells were obtained by counting 300 cells from three independent experiments. Error bars represent SD. (E) Images of asynchronous shPR7 U2OS nuclei acquired with Apotome microscopy 3 d after shRNA expression. After BrdU incorporation for 10 min, cells were stained with anti-BrdU antibody to detect active replication foci (a) and anti-53BP1 antibody to detect DNA damage foci (b). The merged picture (c) showed a partial but significant overlay. Bars, 5 μm.