Table 1.
Average absolute errors in the studies of the haptic oblique effect with blindfolded adults
| Experimental conditions | Orientations | Oblique effect | References | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tasks | Plane | Delay (s) | Hand | V/H | Oblique | Difference | |
| Reproduction task | |||||||
| Free-time exploration and haptically informed about standard orientations | F | 0 | contra | 5 | 9 | 4* | Lechelt et al. (1976) |
| Reproduction task | |||||||
| Limited-time exploration (5 s) and haptically informed about standard orientations | F | 0 | contra | 4 | 8.1 | 4.1* | Lechelt and Verenka (1980) |
| F | 10 | contra | 4 | 7.5 | 3.5* | ||
| Production task | |||||||
| Free-time production and verbally informed about orientations | F | 0 | one | 3.2 | 8.3 | 5.1* | Appelle and Gravetter (1985) |
| Free-time and haptically informed about orientations | F | 0 | one | 3.5 | 8.1 | 4.6* | |
| Reproduction task | |||||||
| Informed | H | 5 | Contra | 5 | 9 | 4* | Appelle and Countryman (1986) |
| Uninformed | H | 5 | Contra | 5.3 | 7.5 | 2.2* | |
| Informed | H | 5 | ipsi | 3.5 | 5.5 | 2* | |
| Uninformed | H | 5 | ipsi | 4 | 4.5 | 0.5 | |
| Reproduction task | |||||||
| Free exploration and uninformed about orientations | F | 5 | contra | 5 | 8 | 3* | Gentaz and Hatwell (1995) |
| F | 5 | ipsi | 5 | 8 | 3* | ||
| S | 5 | contra | 5 | 8 | 3* | ||
| S | 5 | ipsi | 5 | 8 | 3* | ||
| H | 5 | contra | 8.9 | 12.9 | 4* | ||
| Supported exploration | H | 5 | ipsi | 6.3 | 7.8 | 1.5 | |
| Symmetric orientation | H | 5 | contra | 7 | 9.3 | 2.3* | |
| Symmetric orientation | H | 5 | ipsi | 7 | 9.3 | 2.3* | |
| Reproduction task | |||||||
| Unsupported exploration | H | 5 | ipsi | 3 | 7 | 4* | Gentaz and Hatwell (1996) |
| Supported exploration | H | 5 | ipsi | 4.7 | 4.2 | −0.5 | |
| Normal gravity cues | F | 5 | ipsi | 3.5 | 8.2 | 4.7* | |
| Reduced gravity cues | F | 5 | ipsi | 6.1 | 7.2 | 1.1* | |
| Normal | S | 5 | ipsi | 3.6 | 7.1 | 4.5* | |
| Reduced | S | 5 | ipsi | 5.7 | 7.3 | 1.6* | |
| Normal | H | 5 | ipsi | 5.4 | 7.3 | 1.9* | |
| Reduced | H | 5 | ipsi | 7.6 | 9 | 1.4* | |
| Reproduction task Early and late blind Pooled | |||||||
| Normal | F | 5 | ipsi | 5.8 | 9.9 | 4.1* | Gentaz and Hatwell (1998) |
| Reduced | F | 5 | ipsi | 5.8 | 9.9 | 4.1* | |
| Normal | H | 5 | ipsi | 7.9 | 10 | 2.1 | |
| Reduced | H | 5 | ipsi | 7.9 | 10 | 2.1 | |
| Reproduction task | |||||||
| Normal, unoccupied delay | F | 5 | ipsi | 3.85 | 6.8 | 2.95* | Gentaz and Hatwell (1999) |
| Reduced, unoccupied delay | F | 5 | ipsi | 5.5 | 5.5 | 0 | |
| Normal, unoccupied delay | F | 30 | ipsi | 3.85 | 6.8 | 2.95* | |
| Reduced, unoccupied delay | F | 30 | ipsi | 5.5 | 5.5 | 0 | |
| Normal, verbal task | F | 30 | ipsi | 5.2 | 8.5 | 3.3* | |
| Reduced, verbal task | F | 30 | ipsi | 5.2 | 8.5 | 3.3* | |
| Normal, motor task | F | 30 | ipsi | 5.2 | 8.5 | 3.3* | |
| Reduced, motor task | F | 30 | ipsi | 5.2 | 8.5 | 3.3* | |
| Reproduction task | |||||||
| Upright | F | 5 | ipsi | 2.5 | 5.5 | 3* | Luyat et al. (2001) |
| Body tilted | F | 5 | ipsi | 5 | 5.5 | 0.5 | |
| Production task | |||||||
| No context, smooth | F | 5 | ipsi | 2.3 | 6.4 | 4.1* | Luyat et al. (2005a, b) |
| Congruent haptic cues | F | 5 | ipsi | 1.4 | 3.4 | 2* | |
| Incongruent haptic cues | F | 5 | ipsi | 1.8 | 4.8 | 3.05* | |
The table reports the average absolute error for the vertical and horizontal orientations (V/H column), for the 45° and 135° orientations (Oblique column), as well as the existence of an oblique effect, that is, of statistically significant difference between the two sets of orientation (marked by * in the Difference column) as function of experimental conditions. The reported studies mainly used a reproduction paradigm where the subject explored the orientation of a rod with one hand before to be reproduced with the same (ipsilateral condition) or other hand (contralateral condition, see Hand column). The Plane and Delay column specify the plane in which the orientations were presented and reproduced or produced as well as the delay between the presentation and reproduction. The first column specifies additional experimental factors that were manipulated in the corresponding studies (see text)