Table 1. Participant characteristics by racial and ethnic group.
| Clinical characteristic | All | White | Black | Hispanic | American Indian | Asian | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 3,819 | 2,117 | 752 | 609 | 174 | 167 | |
| Age (years) | 50.7 ± 10.6 | 51.9 ± 10.6 | 50.5 ± 10.1* | 48.4 ± 10.1† | 44.5 ± 9.8† | 49.8 ± 10.1* | <0.001 |
| Sex (female) | 2,576 (67.5) | 1,387 (65.5) | 559 (74.3)† | 408 (67.0) | 153 (87.9)† | 69 (41.3)† | <0.001 |
| Marital status (married/living together) | 2,493 (65.3) | 1,471 (69.5) | 353 (46.9)† | 421 (69.1) | 113 (64.9) | 135 (80.8)‡ | <0.001 |
| Education (years) | |||||||
| 13–16 | 1,821 (47.7) | 1,048 (49.5) | 335 (44.6)† | 260 (42.7)† | 92 (52.9)‡ | 86 (51.5) | <0.001 |
| ≥17 | 1,018 (26.7) | 667 (31.5) | 204 (27.1)† | 71 (11.7)† | 18 (10.3)† | 58 (34.7) | <0.001 |
| Blood pressure (mmHg) | |||||||
| Systolic | 123.9 ± 14.6 | 123.8 ± 14.1 | 127.0 ± 15.3† | 122.2 ± 14.3* | 116.0 ± 12.4† | 124.8 ± 16.3 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic | 78.4 ± 9.3 | 78.0 ± 9.1 | 79.8 ± 10.0† | 77.9 ± 8.7 | 75.3 ± 8.6† | 82.2 ± 9.7† | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 33.9 ± 6.7 | 34.1 ± 6.8 | 35.2 ± 7.0† | 33.1 ± 5.7‡ | 33.6 ± 6.1 | 29.5 ± 5.3† | <0.001 |
| Men | 32.0 ± 5.6 | 32.4 ± 5.9 | 32.6 ± 5.8 | 31.4 ± 4.8 | 31.2 ± 4.0 | 28.5 ± 3.8† | <0.001 |
| Women | 34.9 ± 6.9 | 34.9 ± 7.1 | 36.2 ± 7.1† | 33.9 ± 5.9* | 33.9 ± 6.3 | 30.9 ± 6.5† | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | |||||||
| Men | 107.7 ± 13.5 | 110.2 ± 13.4 | 106.9 ± 13.9† | 104.5 ± 12.3‡ | 107.0 ± 11.0 | 97.1 ± 9.6† | <0.001 |
| Women | 103.6 ± 14.9 | 104.1 ± 14.8 | 106.1 ± 16.3* | 99.6 ± 12.6† | 105.2 ± 13.2 | 93.5 ± 14.0† | <0.001 |
| Hematocrit (%) | 41.1 ± 3.5 | 41.4 ± 3.3 | 39.6 ± 3.4† | 41.2 ± 3.7 | 41.5 ± 3.5 | 42.9 ± 3.7† | <0.001 |
| Plasma glucose (mmol/l) | |||||||
| Fasting | 5.9 ± 0.5 | 5.9 ± 0.5 | 6.0 ± 0.5 | 5.9 ± 0.5 | 5.6 ± 0.5 | 6.0 ± 0.4 | <0.001 |
| 30 min | 9.4 ± 1.4 | 9.5 ± 1.4 | 9.0 ± 1.2 | 9.6 ± 1.4 | 9.3 ± 1.3 | 9.8 ± 1.5 | <0.001 |
| 120 min | 9.1 ± 1.0 | 9.2 ± 0.9 | 9.1 ± 1.0 | 9.1 ± 1.0 | 9.1 ± 1.0 | 9.3 ± 0.9 | 0.211 |
| Glucose AUC | 8.9 ± 0.8 | 8.9 ± 0.8 | 8.7 ± 0.8 | 9.0 ± 0.9 | 8.8 ± 0.8 | 9.1 ± 0.9 | <0.001 |
| Fasting insulin (pmol/l) | 184.5 ± 104.1 | 177.8 ± 100.4 | 189.7 ± 98.1 | 198.0 ± 113.9 | 207.2 ± 125.0 | 173.4 ± 107.8 | <0.001 |
| CIR | 0.6 ± 0.4 | 0.6 ± 0.4 | 0.7 ± 0.5† | 0.7 ± 0.5† | 0.9 ± 0.5† | 0.6 ± 0.4 | <0.001 |
| Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) | 7.0 ± 4.2 | 6.8 ± 4.0 | 7.3 ± 3.9* | 7.5 ± 4.6† | 7.4 ± 4.7 | 6.7 ± 4.3 | <0.001 |
| A1C (%) | 5.91 ± 0.50 | 5.80 ± 0.44 | 6.19 ± 0.59† | 5.89 ± 0.46† | 5.96 ± 0.46† | 5.96 ± 0.45† | <0.001 |
Data are means ± SD or n (%). Glucose AUC was calculated using the trapezoidal rule from 2-h OGTT values. We compared values for whites vs. those for other racial groups (significant P values [P for test of difference in means or percentages among the ethnic groups] are shown as *P < 0.05, †P < 0.001, and ‡P < 0.01). Step-down Bonferroni method (ref. 15) was used to adjust for multiple comparisons.