TABLE 2—
Hepatitis B Virus Immunization and Infection Among 2834 Men Who Have Sex With Men, by Demographic Characteristics, Access to Health Care, and Risk Behaviors: Young Men’s Survey Phase 2, 1998–2000
| No. (%) | Hepatitis B Immunization, % (95% CI) | HBV Infection,a % (95% CI) | HBV Infection, AORb (95% CI) | |
| Total | 2834 (100) | 17.2 (15.7, 18.4) | 20.6 (19.1, 22.1) | |
| Study Sitec,d | ||||
| Dallas, TX | 459 (16.2) | 13.7 (10.8, 17.2) | 24.0 (20.1, 27.9) | 1.8 (1.3, 2.6) |
| New York, NY | 533 (18.8) | 14.8 (12.0, 18.0) | 28.3 (24.2, 31.8) | 2.1 (1.4, 2.9) |
| Los Angeles, CA (Ref) | 436 (15.4) | 15.4 (11.6, 18.4) | 15.6 (12.6, 19.4) | 1.00 |
| Baltimore, MD | 488 (17.2) | 16.0 (12.7, 19.3) | 17.8 (14.6, 21.4) | 1.3 (0.9, 1.9) |
| Miami, FL | 452 (15.9) | 17.0 (13.5, 20.5) | 17.5 (13.5, 20.5) | 1.3 (0.9, 1.8) |
| Seattle, WA | 466 (16.4) | 26.4 (22.0, 30.0) | 19.3 (15.4, 22.6) | 1.7 (1.2, 2.5) |
| Race/ethnicityc,d | ||||
| White (Ref) | 1395 (49.2) | 20.4 (18.2, 22.5) | 16.1 (14.2, 18.0) | 1.00 |
| Hispanic | 676 (23.9) | 13.5 (10.9, 16.1) | 21.5 (18.4, 24.6) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.6) |
| Asian | 155 (5.5) | 29.0 (21.9, 36.1) | 24.5 (17.7, 31.3) | 2.5 (1.6, 3.8) |
| Black | 485 (17.1) | 10.1 (7.4, 12.8) | 31.6 (27.5, 35.7) | 1.7 (1.3, 2.3) |
| Age,d y | ||||
| 23–25 (Ref) | 1384 (48.8) | 18.1 (16.1, 20.1) | 14.9 (13.0, 16.8) | 1.00 |
| 26–29 | 1444 (51.0) | 16.4 (14.5, 18.3) | 26.1 (23.8, 28.4) | 2.0 (1.62, 2.5) |
| Education,c,d y | ||||
| < 12 (Ref) | 122 (4.3) | 9.0 (3.9, 14.1) | 35.3 (26.8, 43.8) | 1.00 |
| 12 | 607 (21.4) | 10.1 (7.7, 12.5) | 28.8 (25.2, 32.4) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.6) |
| 13–15 | 842 (29.7) | 13.8 (11.5, 16.1) | 19.6 (16.9, 22.3) | 0.7 (0.5, 1.1) |
| 16 | 958 (33.8) | 21.6 (19.0, 24.2) | 17.6 (15.2, 20.0) | 0.7 (0.4, 1.1) |
| > 17 | 305 (10.8) | 30.2 (25.0, 35.4) | 13.1 (9.3, 16.9) | 0.5 (0.3, 0.8) |
| Annual income,d $ | ||||
| < 20 000 (Ref) | 1068 (37.7) | 15.2 (13.0, 17.4) | 25.2 (22.6, 27.8) | 1.00 |
| > 20 000 | 1766 (62.3) | 18.4 (16.6, 20.2) | 18.2 (16.4, 20.0) | 0.72 (0.6, 0.9) |
| Ever had a diagnosis of STDc | ||||
| No (Ref) | 2074 (73.4) | 17.6 (16.0, 19.2) | 16.0 (12.0, 20.0) | 1.00 |
| Yes | 750 (26.6) | 16.0 (13.4, 18.6) | 33.2 (27.4, 39.0) | 1.9 (1.6, 2.4) |
| Anti-HIV serologyc,d | ||||
| Negative (Ref) | 2480 (87.5) | 17.9 (16.4, 19.4) | 17.1 (13.5, 20.7) | 1.00 |
| Positive | 354 (12.5) | 12.4 (9.0, 15.8) | 45.5 (37.8, 53.2) | 2.5 (1.9, 3.3) |
| Lifetime male partnersd | ||||
| 1–50 (Ref) | 2234 (78.8) | 17.6 (16.0, 19.2) | 17.9 (16.3, 19.4) | 1.00 |
| ≥ 51 | 600 (21.2) | 15.7 (12.8, 18.6) | 31.0 (27.3, 34.7) | 1.6 (1.3, 2.1) |
| Ever had anal intercoursed | ||||
| No (Ref) | 139 (4.9) | 19.4 (12.8, 26.0) | 9.4 (4.5, 14.3) | 1.00 |
| Yes | 2695 (95.1) | 17.1 (15.6, 18.5) | 21.2 (19.7, 22.7) | 1.9 (1, 3.4) |
| Ever injected drugsd | ||||
| No (Ref) | 2632 (92.6) | 17.3 (15.9, 8.7) | 19.7 (18.2, 21.2) | 1.00 |
| Yes | 202 (7.1) | 17.2 (12.0, 22.4) | 32.7 (26.2, 39.2) | 1.5 (1.1, 2.1) |
| Disclosed sexual orientationc | ||||
| To less than half of acquaintances | 1890 (67.3) | 14.1 (11.8, 16.3) | 23.5 (20.8, 26.3) | |
| To at least half of acquaintances | 918 (32.7) | 19.0 (17.1, 20.6) | 19.4 (17.6, 21.2) | |
| Ever tested for HIVb,d | ||||
| No | 315 (11.1) | 16.2 (12.1, 20.3) | 14.9 (10.9, 18.8) | |
| Yes | 2518 (88.8) | 17.3 (15.8, 18.8) | 21.4 (19.8, 23.0) | |
| Regular source of health careb,c | ||||
| None | 1040 (36.7) | 12.6 (10.6, 14.6) | 21.9 (19.4, 24.4) | |
| Doctor or HMO | 1257 (44.4) | 21.0 (18.7, 23.3) | 17.5 (15.4, 19.6) | |
| School, company, or military clinic | 106 (3.7) | 28.3 (19.7, 36.9) | 13.2 (6.8, 19.6) | |
| Public clinic | 188 (6.6) | 16.5 (11.2, 21.8) | 27.1 (20.7, 33.5) | |
| Hospital or emergency department | 208 (7.3) | 13.5 (8.9, 18.1) | 29.8 (23.6, 36.0) | |
Note. CI = confidence interval; AOR = adjusted odds ratio; STD = sexually transmitted disease; HMO = health maintenance organization. Hepatitis B immunization was determined by the presence of antibodies to HBV surface antigen in the absence of other seromarkers. HBV-prevalent infection was defined as the presence of HBV surface antigen or antibody to HBV core antigen.
aTotal number of men who have sex with men tested = 2829; 5 participants did not have hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen test results.
bBecause this logistic model was estimating odds of ever being infected with HBV given potential exposures or risk behaviors, variables related to healthcare access were not included in the model. AORs are presented only for variables that remained significant in the final logistic models.
cSignificant differences existed (P < .05) in univariate analysis of immunization levels.
dSignificant differences existed (P < .05) in univariate analysis of HBV infection levels.