Table A2.
Landmarks used for the segment cross-sectional measurements
| Segment | Measure | Frontal | Saggital |
|---|---|---|---|
| Trunk | Proximal | from left to right armpit | body height when lying flat on a table, at level of armpits |
| Distal | from lef to right palpated anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) | body height when lying flat on a table, at level of ASIS | |
| Medial | from left to right body side at level of greatest rib cage circumference (corresponding well with the middle of the trunk) | body height when lying flat on a table, at level of greatest rib cage circumference | |
| Head | Proximal | *† | *† |
| Distal | at level of nostrils† | at level of nostrils† | |
| Medial | frontal width at level of eyebrows (corresponding well with the middle of the head) | from eyebrows to edge of mandible, perpendicular to long axis of the head | |
| Thigh | Proximal | from medial thigh surface at the level of the groin to lateral side, perpedicular to long axis of thigh | from ventral thigh surface at the level of the groin to dorsal side, perpedicular to long axis of thigh |
| Distal | from medial to lateral condyle of femur | from ventral surface of the thigh (just above patella) to dorsal surface, perpendicular to long axis of thigh | |
| Medial | orientation as in proximal and distal measures, midway between the proximal and distal positions | orientation as in proximal and distal measures, midway between the proximal and distal positions | |
| Shank | Proximal | distal measurements of thigh were used | distal measurements of thigh were used |
| Distal | frontal-view width, just proximal to the malleoli | layteral-view width at the level of the malleoli | |
| Medial | orientation as in proximal and distal measures, midway between the proximal and distal positions | orientation as in proximal and distal measures, midway between the proximal and distal positions | |
| Foot | Proximal | frontal-view with immediately below the malleoli | from the lateral malleolus to the foot sole, perpedicluar to the long axis of the foot |
| Distal | toes II–IV† | toes II–IV† | |
| Medial | orientation as in proximal and distal measures, midway between the proximal and distal positions | orientation as in proximal and distal measures, midway between the proximal and distal positions | |
| Upper arm | Proximal | from armpit to lateral arm surface (measured perpendicular to the long axis of the upper arm) | position as in the frontal measurement, but perpendicular to it and to the long axis of the upper arm |
| Distal | from medial to lateral epicondyle of humerus | position as in the frontal measurement, but perpendicular to it and to the long axis of the upper arm | |
| Medial | same orientation as proximal and distal | same orientation as proximal and distal | |
| Lower arm | Proximal | distal measurements of upper arm were used | distal measurements of upper arm were used |
| Distal | frontal-view width at the level of the palpated wrist joint (knuckle-walking posture, i.e. in approximately neutral position) | position as in the frontal measure, but perpendicular to it and to the long axis of the lower arm | |
| Medial | same orientation as proximal and distal | same orientation as proximal and distal | |
| Hand | Proximal | distal measurements of lower arm were used | distal measurements of lower arm were used |
| Distal | frontal-view width of fingers II–IV (proximal phalangi)** | saggital-view width of fingers II–IV (proximal phalangi)† | |
| Medial | same orientation as proximal and distal | same orientation as proximal and distal |
*
These variables are very hard to measure unequivocally, and, knowing how the model works, we have focused on taking a measure that would result in a realistic fit of the model with respect to the real segment shape.
†
Theoretically these measures should be zero, but we took the measures reported here as a better representation for the distal shape of the segment, which would result in a better model fit.