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(a) Fluoroscope image during the surgery. The defects at the L2–L3 level have already been made. The saw blade is cutting the defect in the L5 vertebrae. (b) A schematic of the titanium foil overlaying the nucleus pulposus. Ti = titanium foil, CS = cortical screw, SB= saw blade, OA = outer annulus, IA = inner annulus, NP = nucleus pulposus.
