TABLE 2—
Factors Associated With Lack of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) Use the Month Preceding Reincarceration in Jail: San Francisco, Calif, January 2000 to June 2003
| No HAART Use (n = 64),a No. (%) | HAART Use (n = 44),a No. (%) | AOR (95% CI) (n = 106)b | |
| Age | |||
| ≤ Median (39.5 y) | 34 (53) | 19 (43) | 0.59 (0.22, 1.53) |
| > Median | 30 (47) | 25 (57) | Reference |
| Gender | |||
| Men | 48 (75) | 36 (82) | 0.39 (0.12, 1.26) |
| Women or transgender | 16 (25) | 8 (18) | Reference |
| Race | |||
| African American | 31 (48) | 27 (61) | 1.15 (0.43, 3.09) |
| Other | 33 (52) | 17 (39) | Reference |
| Education | |||
| Less than a high school or general equivalency diploma | 28 (44) | 13 (30) | . . . |
| High school or general equivalency diploma | 36 (56) | 30 (70) | |
| Homeless | |||
| Yes | 38 (59) | 16 (36)* | 2.71 (1.04, 7.08)* |
| No | 26 (41) | 28 (64) | Reference |
| Monthly income | |||
| ≤ Median ($900) | 31 (48) | 26 (62) | . . . |
| > Median | 33 (52) | 16 (38) | |
| AIDS diagnosis | |||
| Yes | 32 (50) | 21 (48) | 1.78 (0.67, 4.75) |
| No | 32 (50) | 23 (52) | Reference |
| No. of times previously incarcerated | |||
| ≤ Median (17 times) | 27 (43) | 18 (45) | . . . |
| > Median | 36 (57) | 22 (55) | |
| Received postrelease HIV medical care | |||
| Yes | 36 (57) | 35 (81) | Reference |
| No | 27 (43) | 8 (19)** | 3.08 (1.05, 9.05)* |
| Case management visit | |||
| Yes | 26 (41) | 16 (37) | . . . |
| No | 37 (59) | 27 (63) | |
| Mental health provider visit | |||
| Yes | 9 (14) | 9 (20) | . . . |
| No | 55 (86) | 35 (80) | |
| Alcohol or drug treatment | |||
| Yes | 16 (25) | 13 (30) | . . . |
| No | 48 (75) | 31 (70) | |
| Depression (Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale score ≥ 16) | |||
| Yes | 51 (81) | 34 (79) | . . . |
| No | 12 (19) | 9 (21) | |
| Alcohol abuse (CAGE score ≥ 2)c | |||
| Yes | 26 (41) | 12 (27) | . . . |
| No | 38 (59) | 32 (73) | |
| Marijuana use (nonprescription) | |||
| Yes | 42 (66) | 15 (34)*** | 3.63 (1.39, 9.52)** |
| No | 22 (34) | 29 (66) | Reference |
| Crack cocaine use (noninjection) | |||
| Yes | 43 (67) | 24 (55) | . . . |
| No | 21 (33) | 20 (45) | |
| Methamphetamine use (noninjection) | |||
| Yes | 19 (30) | 6 (14)* | 1.31 (0.40, 4.30) |
| No | 45 (70) | 38 (86) | Reference |
| Injection drug use | |||
| Yes | 41 (64) | 19 (44)* | 3.17 (1.16, 8.67)* |
| No | 23 (36) | 24 (56) | Reference |
Note. AOR = adjusted odds ratio; CI = confidence interval. Ellipsis indicates that the variable was not entered in multivariate mode.
aWe used the χ2 test to assess group differences in HAART use among 108 participants with a history of any antiretroviral use; 4 participants had missing data for antiretroviral use.
bBased on logistic regression with simultaneous entry (probability of not using HAART modeled); 2 participants were not included because of missing data on 1 or more variables.
cCAGE is a 4-question alcoholism screening instrument whose name is a mnemonic designating an individual who has attempted to “cut down” on alcohol consumption, is “annoyed” by criticism of his or her drinking, feels “guilty,” and needs an “eye-opener” drink in the morning. The presence of 2 or more of these characteristics is considered indicative of an alcohol use disorder.
*P ≤.05; **P ≤.01; ***P ≤.001.