TABLE 2—
Characteristics of Prenatal Care, by Maternal Skin Color and Year: Pelotas, Brazil, 1982, 1993, and 2004
| White | Black and Mixed-Race | ||||||||
| 1982 | 1993 | 2004 | P | 1982 | 1993 | 2004 | P | Pa | |
| No. of prenatal consultations | <.001b | <.001b | <.001 | ||||||
| 0 | 4.0 | 3.8 | 1.5 | 10.3 | 8.3 | 3.3 | |||
| 1–3 | 9.5 | 5.5 | 4.1 | 17.6 | 11.5 | 10.2 | |||
| 4–6 | 28.8 | 23.3 | 20.3 | 31.6 | 33.4 | 26.4 | |||
| ≥ 7 | 57.7 | 67.4 | 74.1 | 40.5 | 46.8 | 60.1 | |||
| Gestational age at the 1st consultation, trimesterc | <.001b | <.001b | <.001 | ||||||
| 1st | 64.5 | 75.5 | 76.6 | 46.5 | 60.5 | 62.7 | |||
| 2nd | 26.9 | 21.3 | 21.5 | 42.4 | 32.4 | 33.1 | |||
| 3rd | 8.6 | 3.2 | 1.9 | 11.1 | 7.1 | 4.2 | |||
| Had a gynecological examinationc | . . . | 79.1 | 78.3 | .5b | . . . | 74.2 | 71.8 | .2b | <.001 |
| Had a breast examinationc | . . . | 51.7 | 57.7 | <.001b | . . . | 42.2 | 51.4 | <.001b | <.001 |
| Uterine height was measuredc | . . . | 99.2 | 99.5 | .05b | . . . | 99.1 | 99.0 | .9b | .05 |
| Tetanus toxoid was administeredc | . . . | 57.0 | 76.2 | <.001b | . . . | 63.3 | 75.3 | <.001b | .5 |
| Received prescription for ironc | . . . | 62.3 | 76.6 | <.001b | . . . | 63.8 | 79.0 | <.001b | .1 |
| Counseled about breastfeedingc | . . . | 44.7 | 61.7 | <.001b | . . . | 43.5 | 63.7 | <.001b | .2 |
| Smoked during pregnancyd | 34.8 | 32.5 | 22.6 | <.001e | 41.1 | 36.7 | 31.6 | <.001e | <.001 |
| Cesarean delivery | 28.9 | 32.1 | 46.3 | <.001e | 21.7 | 25.3 | 42.2 | <.001e | .02 |
| Total no. of births | 4927 | 4093 | 3122 | 1081 | 1209 | 1165 | |||
aχ2 test.
bχ2 test for difference between White and Black and mixed-race mothers in 2004.
cOnly for mothers who attended antenatal care.
dDefined as smoking at least 1 cigarette every day during the pregnancy.
eχ2 test for trend over time.