TABLE 2—
Association Between Ethnic Discrimination and Health Outcomes Among Japanese Brazilians: Japan, 2000–2001
| GHQ-12a | Poor/Average Self-Rated Healthb | Somatic Symptomsa | ||||
| Model A1, b (SE) | Model A2, b (SE) | Model B1, b (SE) | Model B2, b (SE) | Model C1, b (SE) | Model C2, b (SE) | |
| Workplace ethnic discrimination | 0.03*** (0.005) | 0.020*** (0.004) | 0.045*** (0.005) | 0.036*** (0.008) | 0.016*** (0.005) | 0.006 (0.007) |
| Supportive relations at work | –0.094*** (0.027) | –0.056** (0.020) | –0.037 (0.048) | 0.021 (0.052) | –0.093*** (0.016) | –0.045* (0.022) |
| Workload | 0.076*** (0.012) | 0.047*** (0.004) | –0.022 (0.030) | –0.042 (0.039) | 0.033 (0.031) | 0.001 (0.026) |
| Physically dangerous work conditions | 0.108*** (0.029) | 0.100*** (0.029) | 0.041 (0.034) | 0.026 (0.044) | 0.061*** (0.015) | 0.022 (0.016) |
| Environmental hazards | 0.049** (0.015) | –0.055*** (0.006) | 0.069** (0.028) | –0.003 (0.049) | 0.115*** (0.013) | 0.100*** (0.013) |
| Shift work | 0.151 (0.102) | –0.011 (0.041) | 0.032 (0.282) | 0.053 (0.247) | –0.029 (0.137) | –0.235* (0.102) |
| Hours worked per day | 0.046** (0.015) | 0.012 (0.023) | –0.045 (0.059) | –0.063 (0.093) | 0.047* (0.023) | 0.043* (0.021) |
| Education | ||||||
| Less than high school | –0.227* (0.112) | −0.228* (0.090) | –0.267 (0.384) | –0.342 (0.470) | –0.216** (0.072) | –0.157 (0.135) |
| High school graduate | 0.006 (0.088) | −0.060 (0.050) | –0.074 (0.316) | –0.203 (0.380) | –0.070 (0.180) | –0.133 (0.157) |
| Some college or more (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Note. GHQ-12 = 12-item General Health Questionnaire (Portuguese version). Models A1, B1, and C1 are bivariate models. Models A2, B2, and C2 are multivariate models. Multivariate models were adjusted for age, gender, marital status, Japanese lineage, income, length of residence, and Japanese language proficiency.
aNegative binomial regression.
bLogistic regression.
*P<.05; **P<.01; ***P<.001.