TABLE 3.

Adjusted odds ratios for COPD-related phenotypes in relation to energy adjusted fiber intake among ARIC participants (1987-1989), n=11,897^*

	Quintiles of energy-adjusted fiber intake					p value for trend†
	1(lowest)	2	3	4	5
Total fiber
Chronic bronchitis	1	1.10 (0.86, 1.41)	0.87 (0.67, 1.14)	0.87 (0.66, 1.15)	0.87 (0.64, 1.19)	0.185
Spirometry-defined COPD	1	0.95 (0.78, 1.15)	0.85 (0.70, 1.05)	0.80 (0.65, 1.00)	0.80 (0.63, 1.02)	0.035
COPD by any definition above	1	1.01 (0.85, 1.20)	0.91 (0.76, 1.09)	0.83 (0.68, 1.01)	0.85 (0.68, 1.05)	0.044
Fiber from cereal
Chronic bronchitis	1	1.02 (0.80, 1.31)	0.81 (0.62, 1.05)	0.83 (0.64, 1.08)	0.77 (0.58, 1.01)	0.028
Spirometry-defined COPD	1	0.89 (0.73, 1.09)	0.99 (0.81, 1.20)	0.78 (0.63, 0.96)	0.79 (0.64, 0.98)	0.017
COPD by any definition above	1	0.93 (0.78, 1.11)	0.95 (0.80, 1.13)	0.77 (0.64, 0.93)	0.83 (0.69, 1.01)	0.021
Fiber from fruit
Chronic bronchitis	1	0.73 (0.57, 0.94)	0.77 (0.60, 0.99)	0.67 (0.51, 0.88)	0.63 (0.47, 0.84)	0.004
Spirometry-defined COPD	1	0.94 (0.78, 1.14)	0.89 (0.73, 1.08)	0.90 (0.72, 1.11)	0.81 (0.64, 1.03)	0.083
COPD by any definition above	1	0.82 (0.69, 0.98)	0.86 (0.72, 1.03)	0.82 (0.68, 0.99)	0.72 (0.59, 0.89)	0.005

^*Covariates included age, sex, study center, ethnicity, smoking status (current smoker, former smoker with ETS, former smoker without ETS, never smoker with ETS, never smoker without ETS), pack years, BMI, occupation, education, diabetes status, traffic density, total energy intake, glycemic index, micronutrients (carotenoids, vitamins C, D, E, and omega-3 fatty acids) from both food and supplements, cured meat, and other sources of fiber (total fiber intake not adjusted for the specific fiber types). N=669 for chronic bronchitis, 1,321 for spirometry-defined COPD, and 1,753 for COPD by either definition.

^†Tests for linear trends across increasing quintiles of fiber intake used the median values in each quintile.