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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2008 May 12.
Published in final edited form as: J Neurotrauma. 2005 Aug;22(8):845–856. doi: 10.1089/neu.2005.22.845

Table 2.

Comparison of studies of acceleration-induced brain deformation.

 
 Methods / Acceleration
 Measurements / Deformation
Holbourn (1943) Gel in human skull model Qualitative strain fields
Angular acceleration Unknown strain magnitude
 
 Unknown accel. magnitude
  
Pudenz and Shelden (1946) Transparent calvarium in macaque monkey Qualitative displacement images
Impact Few mm relative displacement
 
 Unknown accel. magnitude
  
Margulies et al. (1990) Gel in human and baboon skull. Shear strain
Angular acceleration 0.1 − 0.2 max. shear strain
 
 3.7×103 − 7.0×104 rad/s2
  
Meaney et al. (1995) Gel in miniature pig skull Shear strain
Angular acceleration ∼0.3 max. shear strain
 
 5×104 − 2.0×105 rad/s2
  
Hardy et al. (2001) Cadaver — high speed x-ray Marker displacement
Impact ∼5 mm relative displacement
Linear accel.: 102−103 m/s2
 
 Angular accel.: 103−104 rad/s2
  
Current study Human - in vivo, MRI tagging Lagrangian strain tensor
Impact 0.02−0.05 max. principal strain
Linear accel.: 20−30 m/s2