Figure 1.

Assignment of Birth Asphyxia (BA) as Cause of Neonatal Death

^a Algorithm 1 (WHO-3¹⁶): Infant was not able to cry after birth and either (not able to breathe after birth or not able to suckle normally after birth). Algorithm 2 (WHO-4¹⁶): Infant was not able to cry after birth and either (with convulsions/spasms or not able to suckle normally after birth). Algorithm 3 (Baqui et al¹⁸): Infant died in the first 7 days of life and either (was not able to cry at birth, not able to breathe at birth, or unable to suckle normally at birth). Algorithm 4 (Newborn Washing Study¹⁵): Infant died in the first 7 days of life, was not able to cry at birth, and either (not able to breathe at birth, unable to suckle normally at birth, or with convulsions).

^b Local Nepali Physician (RKA, SKK) review of verbal autopsy interview and open verbatim histories to assign cause of death

^c Investigators (ACL, GLD, LCM) review of open verbatim histories to verify cause of death