TABLE 4.

Bivariate Analysis of Intrapartum and Infant Risk Factors for Birth Asphyxia (BA) Mortality

Intrapartum Risk Factor	BA Cases	Total n	RR (95% CI)
Place of Delivery
Home	183	20,025	1 (ref)
Health Facility (Hospital or Clinic)	35	2,069	1.85 (1.27 to 2.68) **
On way to clinic/outdoors	6	270	2.43 (1.09 to 5.43) *
Maternal Fever §
No fever	200	21,577	1 (ref)
Fever	24	784	3.3 (2.15 to 5.07) **
Vaginal Bleeding §
No bleeding	208	21,464	1 (ref)
Bleeding	17	876	2.00 (1.23 to 3.27) **
Swelling of face, hands, or feet §
No swelling	162	18,348	1 (ref)
Swelling of face, hands, or feet	63	4,019	1.78 (1.33 to 2.37) **
Convulsions §
No convulsions	221	22,263	1 (ref)
Convulsions	4	85	4.74 (1.80 to 12.46) **
Prolonged Labor
Labor <24 hours primiparous or <12 hours multiparous	149	16,117	1 (ref)
Labor >24 hours primiparous or > 12 hours multiparous	75	6,172	1.31 (1.00 to 1.73) *
Multiple pregnancy
Singleton	211	23,296	1 (ref)
Multiple birth	19	366	5.73 (3.38 to 9.72) **
Rupture of membranes
ROM<24 hours	194	20,577	1 (ref)
ROM>24 hours	27	1,564	1.83 (1.22 to 2.76) **
Amniotic fluid
Clear	126	14,595	1 (ref)
Green	1	88	1.32 (0.19 to 9.32)
Red	56	4,100	1.58 (1.14 to 2.19) **
Infant Risk Factors
Birth weight, kg
<2	20	1,146	11.88 (6.09 to 23.14) **
2.0-2.4	10	5,638	1.21 (0.54 to 2.69)
2.5-2.9	15	10,211	1 (ref)
>3.0	6	5,767	0.71 (0.27 to 1.82)
Gestational age, weeks
<34	50	498	14.33 (10.31 to 19.91) **
34-37	43	3,822	1.61 (1.13 to 2.27) **
37-42	115	16,411	1 (ref)
>42	22	2,918	1.07 (0.69 to 1.67)
Infant sex
Male	135	12,195	1 (ref)
Female	95	11,467	0.75 (0.58 to 0.97) *

^*0.01< p ≤ 0.05

^**p ≤ 0.01

^§Symptoms reported within 7 days prior to delivery