TABLE 5.
Multivariate Models of Antepartum, Intrapartum, and Infant Risk Factors for Birth Asphyxia Mortality
| Model 1 (n=23,023) | Model 2 (n=22,095) | Model 3 (n=21,491) | Final Model (n=21,491) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antepartum risk factor | Adjusted RR (95% CI) | Adjusted RR (95% CI) | Adjusted RR (95% CI) | Adjusted RR (95% CI) |
| Maternal Age, years | ||||
| <20 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | |
| 20-24 | 1.01 (0.68 to 1.50) | 1.01 (0.68 to 1.50) | 1.03 (0.69 to 1.54) | |
| 25-29 | 0.78 (0.47 to 1.27) | 0.74 (0.45 to 1.21) | 0.75 (0.46 to 1.24) | |
| 30-34 | 0.97 (0.53 to 1.75) | 0.80 (0.43 to 1.49) | 0.83 (0.44 to 1.54) | |
| >35 | 0.85 (0.39 to 1.87) | 0.65 (0.28 to 1.54) | 0.65 (0.27 to 1.54) | |
| Maternal Literacy | ||||
| Illiterate | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | |
| Literate | 0.83 (0.53 to 1.29) | 0.78 (0.50 to 1.24) | 0.79 (0.50 to 1.25) | |
| Paternal Education | ||||
| No Education | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | |
| Any Education | 0.58 (0.42 to 0.80) ** | 0.59 (0.43 to 0.81) ** | 0.59 (0.43 to 0.81) ** | |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Pahmadi | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | |
| Madeshi | 2.15 (1.43 to 3.24) ** | 1.93 (1.27 to 2.95) ** | 1.94 (1.27 to 2.97) ** | |
| Parity | ||||
| Multiparous | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | |
| Primiparous | 1.93 (1.33 to 2.80) ** | 1.69 (1.15 to 2.49) ** | 1.71 (1.16 to 2.53) ** | |
| Intrapartum risk factor | ||||
| Place of Delivery | ||||
| Home | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | |
| Facility | 1.51 (1.00 to 2.27) ** | 1.90 (1.19 to 3.02) ** | 1.89 (1.19 to 3.00) ** | |
| Maternal Fever | ||||
| No fever | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | |
| Fever | 2.75 (1.78 to 4.25) ** | 2.02 (1.26 to 3.23) ** | 0.84 (0.31 to 2.28) § | |
| Maternal Swelling | ||||
| No swelling | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | |
| Swelling of hands, face, or feet | 1.45 (1.05 to 1.99) * | 1.39 (1.00 to 1.95) * | 1.40 (1.01 to 1.96) * | |
| Convulsions | ||||
| No convulsions | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | |
| Convulsions | 1.22 (0.29 to 5.16) | 0.99 (0.24 to 4.19) | 1.00 (0.25 to 3.98) | |
| Vaginal Bleeding | ||||
| No Bleeding | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | |
| Bleeding | 1.61 (0.96 to 2.70) | 1.63 (0.95 to 2.81) | 1.62 (0.95 to 2.77) | |
| Rupture of Membranes | ||||
| ROM < 24 hours | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | |
| ROM > 24 hours | 1.39 (0.90 to 2.14) | 1.32 (0.83 to 2.10) | 1.28 (0.80 to 2.04) | |
| Multiple Birth | ||||
| Singleton | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | |
| Twin or Triplet | 5.23 (3.00 to 9.13) ** | 4.90 (2.84 to 8.43) ** | 4.77 (2.78 to 8.20) ** | |
| Infant risk factor | ||||
| Gestational Age | ||||
| Full-term >37 weeks | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||
| Premature <37weeks | 2.56 (1.95 to 3.37)** | 2.28 (1.69 to 3.09)¶, ** | ||
| Infant Sex | ||||
| Male | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||
| Female | 0.71 (0.54 to 0.93) * | 0.71 (0.54 to 0.93) * | ||
| Interaction | ||||
| Maternal fever × Prematurity | 3.70 (1.18 to11.60) £, * | |||
*
0.01< p ≤0.05
**
p ≤0.01
§
Relative Risk of maternal fever in full term infants
¶
Relative Risk of prematurity in infants without exposure to maternal fever
£
Exponentiated Interaction term coefficient; p=0.02