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. 2008 Mar 15;36(8):2619–2629. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkn100

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

The three kinetic models for +1 PRF in E. coli. Steps I–VI illustrate the non-frameshifting translation elongation process: I. initial binding; II codon recognition; III. GTPase activation; IV. GTP hydrolysis; V. EF-Tu dissociation; VI. accommodation. In Model 1, both E-site and P-site tRNAs slip into the +1 frame and follow the +1 frame aa-tRNA selection to produce frameshifted proteins (P1A1). In Model 1A, both E-site and P-site tRNAs are destabilized by stimulatory signals and follow the +1 frame aa-tRNA selection to produce frameshifted proteins (P1A1). Models 2 and 3 differ in the timing of the E-site tRNA dissociation step (in Model 2, E-site tRNA dissociation occurs during the codon recognition step while in Model 3, E-site tRNA dissociates after codon recognition). Both Models 2 and 3 result in the formation of ribosomes with only P-site tRNA (P0), which can slip to the +1 frame to form P1 and result in the formation of frameshifted proteins (P1A1).