Table 2.

Factors Associated with Delays in Seeking Hospital Care in Patients With Acute Heart Failure

Factor	<2 hours (n=286)		≥2 hours (n=856)		P value
Age (yrs)	n	%	n	%
<65	25	8.7	148	17.3	<.005
65-74	52	18.2	159	18.6
75-84	123	43.0	344	40.2
≥85	86	30.1	205	23.9
Sex
Male	99	34.6	392	45.8	<.001
Female	187	65.4	464	54.2
Race/ethnicity
White	269	94.1	802	93.7	0.94
Non-white	17	5.9	54	6.3
Transported by Ambulance
Yes	234	81.8	528	61.7	<.001
No	52	18.2	328	38.3
Place of residence
Urban	92	32.2	356	41.6	<.005
Not urban	194	67.8	500	58.4
Body Mass Index
<25	111	46.6	290	38.7	<.05
25-30	63	26.5	216	28.8
≥30	64	26.9	244	32.5
Heart Rate (bpm)
<80	79	27.7	301	35.3	<.01
80-99	97	34.0	285	33.3
100-119	70	24.6	178	20.8
≥120	39	13.7	91	10.6
Estimated glomerular filtration rate (ml/min per 1.732)
≥60	43	15.3	126	14.9	0.90
30-59	92	32.7	285	33.6
≤30	146	52.0	437	51.5
Medical history
Angina (+)	72	25.2	174	20.3	0.10
Angina (-)	214	74.8	682	79.7
Diabetes (+)	133	46.5	349	40.8	0.10
Diabetes (-)	153	53.5	507	59.2
Heart failure (+)	51	17.8	221	25.8	<.01
Heart failure (-)	235	82.2	635	74.2
Myocardial infarction (+)	140	49.0	437	51.1	0.58
Myocardial infarction (-)	146	51.0	419	48.9
Stroke (+)	47	16.4	124	14.5	0.48
Stroke (-)	239	83.6	732	85.5
Symptoms
Chest pain (+)	114	39.9	312	36.5	0.34
Dyspnea (+)	273	95.5	819	95.7	0.87
Orthopnea (+)	95	33.2	383	44.7	<.01
Fatigue (+)	13	4.6	39	4.6	0.99
Palpitations (+)	29	10.1	85	9.9	0.92
Discharge Status
Alive	276	96.5	827	96.6	0.93
Dead	10	3.5	29	3.4
Time of acute symptom onset
6:00 am -11:59 am	75	27.5	117	27.2	0.88
12:00 pm -5:59 pm	57	21.0	112	26.0
6:00 pm – 11:59 pm	71	26.1	100	23.3
12:00 pm – 5:59 am	69	25.4	101	23.5