Table 3.
Associations between lifetime non-medical use of anabolic steroids and other risky behaviors, 2001 (weighted estimates)
| Risky behaviors | Lifetime non-medical usea % (S.E.) | No lifetime non-medical usea % (S.E.) | Rao–Scott chi-square(d.f.), p-value | Adjusted OR (95% CI)b |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tobacco and alcohol use | ||||
| Cigarette use in the past 30 days | 34.51 (5.81) | 25.51 (0.84) | 2.92 (1), p = 0.09 | 1.72 (1.02, 2.89)* |
| Binge drinking in past 2 weeks | 72.46 (4.43) | 40.18 (1.48) | 30.27 (1), p < 0.01 | 3.83 (2.00, 7.34)** |
| Frequent binge drinking in past 2 weeks | 46.02 (6.28) | 17.65 (0.93) | 35.67 (1), p < 0.01 | 3.53 (1.86, 6.72)** |
| 30-day illicit/non-medical use of drugs | ||||
| Marijuana | 33.36 (5.95) | 16.72 (0.73) | 12.81 (1), p < 0.01 | 2.74 (1.57, 4.79)** |
| Cocaine | 17.69 (4.88) | 1.70 (0.19) | 78.97 (1), p < 0.01 | 11.59 (5.34, 25.15)** |
| Ecstasy | 10.52 (4.19) | 1.02 (0.12) | 44.26 (1), p < 0.01 | 9.01 (3.88, 20.92)** |
| Other illicit drugsc | 14.55 (4.84) | 1.64 (0.17) | 51.14 (1), p < 0.01 | 9.25 (4.19, 20.43)** |
| Prescription tranquilizersd | 14.35 (4.09) | 1.45 (0.16) | 83.25 (1), p < 0.01 | 11.11 (5.63, 21.94)** |
| Prescription sedativesd | 17.25 (5.09) | 1.14 (0.14) | 121.57 (1), p < 0.01 | 15.53 (6.95, 34.69)** |
| Prescription stimulantsd | 24.26 (5.99) | 1.97 (0.23) | 116.91 (1), p < 0.01 | 15.05 (6.81, 33.26)** |
| Prescription opioidsd | 14.68 (4.83) | 2.79 (0.22) | 26.44 (1), p < 0.01 | 5.23 (2.32, 11.79)** |
| 12-month illicit/non-medical use of drugs | ||||
| Marijuana | 53.83 (6.02) | 29.47 (1.04) | 18.55 (1), p < 0.01 | 2.88 (1.67, 4.98)** |
| Cocaine | 35.84 (6.09) | 3.96 (0.29) | 149.78 (1), p < 0.01 | 12.97 (6.97, 24.13)** |
| Ecstasy | 24.82 (5.96) | 4.58 (0.32) | 50.32 (1), p < 0.01 | 6.10 (3.32, 11.18)** |
| Other illicit drugsc | 30.25 (6.04) | 5.57 (0.35) | 67.79 (1), p < 0.01 | 6.87 (3.87, 12.18)** |
| Prescription tranquilizersd | 26.24 (5.65) | 4.36 (0.33) | 73.07 (1), p < 0.01 | 7.74 (4.42, 13.55)** |
| Prescription sedativesd | 25.91 (6.13) | 3.20 (0.29) | 81.76 (1), p < 0.01 | 9.66 (4.90, 19.03)** |
| Prescription stimulantsd | 37.27 (6.50) | 3.95 (0.40) | 160.82 (1), p < 0.01 | 15.06 (7.66, 29.61)** |
| Prescription opioidsd | 37.82 (5.99) | 7.01 (0.39) | 90.10 (1), p < 0.01 | 7.78 (4.24, 14.27)** |
| At least one drug | 76.82 (4.48) | 32.35 (1.05) | 83.03 (1), p < 0.01 | 7.93 (4.54, 13.86)** |
| 30-day risky behaviors | ||||
| Drove after binge drinking | 43.82 (7.32) | 10.49 (0.71) | 52.38 (1), p < 0.01 | 6.20 (3.32, 11.58)** |
| Rode as passenger with a drunk driver | 56.70 (7.23) | 22.80 (0.89) | 31.51 (1), p < 0.01 | 4.90 (2.56, 9.38)** |
| Drove after drinking alcohol | 61.80 (6.10) | 28.62 (1.16) | 34.62 (1), p < 0.01 | 3.95 (2.24, 6.95)** |
| Substance abuse/mental health | ||||
| 12-month DSM-IV alcohol abusee | 47.43 (5.34) | 31.59 (1.04) | 9.74 (1), p < 0.01 | 1.71 (1.07, 1.51)* |
| 12-month DSM-IV alcohol dependencee | 21.14 (4.66) | 6.24 (0.30) | 29.63 (1), p < 0.01 | 3.08 (1.66, 5.70)** |
| First alcohol intoxication <16 years-old | 48.39 (5.56) | 19.22 (0.67) | 44.88 (1), p < 0.01 | 4.12 (2.58, 6.59)** |
| 30-day SF-36 mental health subscale (0–38)e | 3.83 (1.90) | 3.75 (0.18) | NS | NS |
NS: not significant.
p < 0.05.
p < 0.01.
Sample sizes for lifetime non-medical use ranged from 85 to 88 and no lifetime non-medical use ranged from 10,705 to 10,762.
The reference group for each model was students who did not report non-medical use of anabolic steroids. The odds ratios in the weighted logistic regression models were estimated in HLM and adjusted for gender, race, age, marital status, living arrangement, grade point average, intercollegiate athletic status, geographical region, commuter status, and urbanicity (rural/small town). The results for these variables were not shown. The 95% CIs are based on robust standard errors calculated by HLM.
Other illicit drugs include heroin, LSD, and other psychedelics.
Non-medical use of prescription drugs refers to any use not under a doctor’s orders.
DSM-IV alcohol abuse, DSM-IV alcohol dependence and SF-36 mental health indicators were based on the 1999 CAS data; sample sizes for lifetime non-medical use ranged from 114 to 115 and no lifetime non-medical use ranged from 13,569 to 13,639.