Fig. 1.

Serum levels of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in 21 healthy controls (ctr) and 37 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients at baseline and after different time-points after initiating highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART). Data are mean ± standard deviation. Differences between patients and controls were compared using the Mann–Whitney U-test for unpaired data. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used for comparison of paired data during HAART. ***P < 0·001 versus controls; #P < 0·05 versus baseline.