Table 1.

FoxO target genes and functions

Cellular output	Gene	Function	Regulation in cells	Binding to promoter	Regulation of promoter	References
Metabolism	G6pc	glycogenolysis	+	EMSA	+	[19,29,57]
	Igfbp1	regulates IGF activity	+	ChIP	+	[27,57,58,59]
	Ppargc1 α	gluconeogenesis	+			[57]
	Pck1	gluconeogenesis	+	EMSA	+	[57,58]
Food intake	Agrp	orexigenic neuropeptide	+	ChIP; EMSA	+	[61,62]
	Npy	orexigenic neuropeptide	+	ChIP; EMSA	+	[61]
	Pomc	anorexigenic neuropeptide	-	ChIP; EMSA	+	[61,62]
Atrophy	Atrogin-1/MAFbx	muscle-specific ubiquitin ligase	+	EMSA	+	[66,67]
	MuRF1	muscle-specific ubiquitin ligase	+			[66]
Autophagy	Bnip3	Bcl2-related autophagy regulator	+	ChIP		[21,70]
	Gabarapl1	autophagosome formation	+	ChIP		[72]
	LC3	autophagosome formation	+	ChIP	+	[70,72]
	Atg12I	autophagy-related gene	+	ChIP		[72]
Apoptosis	Bim	Bcl2-interacting mediator of cell death	+	ChIP	+	[15,28,75]
	hid	pro-apoptotic	+	ChIP		[76]
	Fas ligand	pro-apoptotic tumor necrosis factor ligand			+	[1]
Cell cycle arrest	p27Kip1	binds to and inhibits the cyclin E–CDK2 complex	+		+	[18,82]
	p21Cip1	binds to and inhibits the cyclin E–CDK2 complex	+	ChIP	+	[30,34]
	p19INK4d p19Arf	binds to and inhibits cyclin D–CDK4/6 complexes	+	ChIP; EMSA	+	[32,83]
	p15INK4b	binds to and inhibits cyclin D–CDK4/6 complexes	+	ChIP; EMSA	+	[32,33,34]
Angiogenesis	Sprouty2	inhibitor of tyrosine kinase signaling	+	ChIP		[63]
	eNOS	endothelial function and neovascularization	-	ChIP	+	[64]
	Ang2	vascular remodelling factor	+			[64]
	Cited2	CBP/p300-interacting transactivator	+	ChIP	+	[38,63]
Stress resistance	MnSOD	manganese superoxide dismutase	+	ChIP	+	[20,82]
	Gadd45α	growth arrest- and DNA damage-inducible gene 45 α	+		+	[21]

Footnotes

The list of target genes is not exhaustive.

Regulation in cells details whether FoxO factors promote (+) or suppress (-) target gene expression in cultured cells by assessment of mRNA or protein levels.

Direct binding of FoxO factors to the promoter was assessed by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) or electromobility shift assay (EMSA).

Regulation of promoters was tested by the ability of FoxO factors to specifically drive luciferase expression.