Table 2.

Salient attributes, moderators, and outcomes of Interprofessional Health and Social Service Partnerships (IHSSP).

IHSSP feature	Theme	Description or sub-themes
I. Salient attributes	1. Agreement	Recognize and accept the need for partnership
	2. Collegial relationships	a. Reciprocity – mutually beneficial, mutual support, encouragement and feedback
		b. Communication – transparent, open, and honest, understanding of how discipline's work contributes to goals and able to communicate that contribution to others, constructive negotiation of goals, plans, and boundaries, compromise, active listening, face-to-face or virtual
		c. Mutual trust – trust depends on skills, knowledge and experience and confidence in one's professional role, confidence in each other
		d. Respect – aware of and values the contributions and perspectives of others
		e. Equal status
		f. Conflict management
	3. Interdependency – between two or more professionals	a. Sharing – goals, philosophy, values, advocacy, accountability, knowledge (professional, community resources), responsibility, planning and intervention
		b. Willingness to cooperate rather than compete, enthusiasm
		c. Voluntary – sharing time, resources, energy
		d. Permeable boundaries – recognize areas of interdependence and respect areas of independence, flexibility
		e. Presence of synergy
	4. Power and leadership – through influence	a. Shared within the group
		b. Based on knowledge and experience
		c. Consensual and egalitarian decision-making
II. Moderating factors-organizational	1. Structure	a. Hierarchical emphasis on power and control
		b. Horizontal or decentralized emphasis on flexible structures and teamwork
		c. Community vs. hospital setting
	2. Philosophy and culture	Values participation and interdependence vs. dominance
	3. Administrative support	Rules and procedures for collaboration
	4. Resources	Funding mechanisms, human resource sharing, diverse and competing commitments
	5. Coordination and communication mechanisms
	6. Sustainability	Conflicts with organizational self-interests, domain, autonomy
	7. Clinical guidelines
II. Moderating factors – systemic	1. Social, professional, culture, educational and resources	a. Socialization – hierarchies i.e. power differences between professions, gender stereotypes, differences in social status
		b. Professional – jurisdictional, regulatory and medico-legal factors (individual vs. collective accountability), values and ideologies, job security, terminology
		c. Cultural – individualism, autonomy, territoriality, specialization, control
		d. Educational – limited knowledge, understanding and valuing of the roles of other disciplines,
		e. Financial resources – professional compensation mechanisms (collective agreements, fee-for-service, organization bound vs. individual), institutional and intersectoral funding
III. Outcomes	1. Partnership functioning
	2. System capacity
	3. Individual and population health outcomes