Table 3.
Association between cumulative average carotenoid intake (quintiles) and risk of diagnosed uterine leiomyoma, Nurses’ Health Study 1991 – 2001
| Cases | Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) | Covariate-adjusted HR* HR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alpha-carotene | |||
| 1 | 1230 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 2 | 1268 | 1.00 (0.92, 1.08) | 1.04 (0.96, 1.13) |
| 3 | 1250 | 0.96 (0.89, 1.04) | 1.01 (0.93, 1.09) |
| 4 | 1318 | 1.00 (0.92, 1.08) | 1.06 (0.98, 1.14) |
| 5 | 1236 | 0.93 (0.86, 1.01) | 0.99 (0.91, 1.07) |
| p trend | 0.09 | 0.62 | |
| Beta-carotene | |||
| 1 | 1135 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 2 | 1188 | 1.00 (0.92, 1.08) | 1.02 (0.94, 1.10) |
| 3 | 1261 | 1.04 (0.96, 1.12) | 1.07 (0.99, 1.16) |
| 4 | 1375 | 1.11 (1.02, 1.20) | 1.14 (1.06, 1.24) |
| 5 | 1343 | 1.06 (0.97, 1.14) | 1.07 (0.99, 1.16) |
| p trend | 0.05 | 0.04 | |
| Beta-cryptoxanthin | |||
| 1 | 1214 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 2 | 1306 | 1.07 (0.99, 1.15) | 1.11 (1.02, 1.20) |
| 3 | 1275 | 1.03 (0.96, 1.12) | 1.08 (1.00, 1.17) |
| 4 | 1272 | 1.02 (0.95, 1.11) | 1.09 (1.00, 1.17) |
| 5 | 1235 | 0.98 (0.91, 1.06) | 1.06 (0.97, 1.14) |
| p trend | 0.22 | 0.56 | |
| Lutein/Zeaxanthin | |||
| 1 | 1132 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 2 | 1185 | 1.00 (0.92, 1.09) | 1.02 (0.94, 1.11) |
| 3 | 1278 | 1.06 (0.98, 1.15) | 1.09 (1.01, 1.18) |
| 4 | 1345 | 1.09 (1.01, 1.18) | 1.12 (1.04, 1.22) |
| 5 | 1362 | 1.09 (1.01, 1.18) | 1.08 (1.00, 1.17) |
| p trend | 0.008 | 0.03 | |
*
Adjusted for age, age at menarche (<10, 11, 12, 13, 14–15, >16), infertility (yes, no), marital status (ever, never), ancestry (white, black, Asian, Hispanic, other), age at first oral contraceptive use (<13, 13–16,17–20,21–24, ≥25), parity (0, 1, 2, 3, ≥4), age at first birth (<24, 25–30, >30), time since last birth (<1, 1–3, 4–5, 6–7, 8–9, 10–12, 13–15, >16), current BMI (<20, 20–21.9, 22–23.9, 24–24.9, 25–26.9, 27–29.9, >30), diastolic blood pressure (<65, 65–74, 75–84, 85–89, >90), antihypertensive therapy (no, yes), calories (continuous)