Table 5.
Spanish Grammar-Related Assessment Outcomes
| Native Speakers | Childhood Speakers | Childhood Overhearers | Typical Late-L2-Learners | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Morphosyntax | ||||
| Production | ||||
| Noun Phrase | ||||
| Number | 96a (2) | 86a (5) | 86a (4) | 88a (3) |
| Gender | 96a (2) | 72b (6) | 70b (5) | 74b (3) |
| Verb Phrase | ||||
| Number | 99a (1) | 83a,b (6) | 76b (4) | 76b (3) |
| Person | 98a (1) | 77b (6) | 73b (4) | 71b (3) |
| Verb Tense | 94a (1) | 53b (7) | 51b (4) | 47b (3) |
| Sentence Repetition (Number of errors present) | ||||
| Inflectional errors | .07a (.03) | .21ab (.12) | .49b (.13) | .62b (.12) |
| Lexical errors | .02a (.01) | .15ab (.09) | .26b (.08) | .22b (.08) |
| Grammaticality Judgment | ||||
| Accuracy | 0.91a (0.01) | 0.71b (0.03) | 0.62c (0.02) | 0.61c (0.01) |
| Reaction Time (msec) | 1171a (82) | 2173b (397) | 2352b (228) | 2014b (152) |
| Grammatical Well-formedness | ||||
| Narrative Grammar Rating | 4.9a (.04) | 3.3b (.26) | 2.6c (.16) | 2.6c (.09) |
| Perception of Sentences in Noise | ||||
| No Noise | 98a (1) | 95a,b (3) | 88b (3) | 89b (2) |
| Decrement Due to Noise | 13a (2) | 30b (5) | 41b,c (5) | 52c (3) |
Note: Grammatical well-formedness ratings were on a 5-point scale, with higher ratings indicating more native-like performance. Mean number of error per sentence is reported for lexical vs. inflectional error analysis. For all other measures, the table indicates the mean percentage correct.