Table 1.

Detection of cytokines and chemokines by Beadlyte 22-plex assay in urine from individuals with and without diabetes and recovery of a known quantity of each analyte added to the urine of the patients with diabetes^a

Analyte (pg/ml)	Detection Limitb	Detection Frequency Diabetes (%)		Recovery (%; Mean ± SD; n = 30)c
		No (n = 30)	Yes (n = 30)
Chemokines
IL-8/CXCL8	0.1	77	93	82 ± 10
MCP-1/CCL2	7.1	70	90	71 ± 24
IP-10/CXCL10	4.6	57	93	109 ± 11
Proinflammatory cytokines
IL-6	0.1	47	57	92 ± 7
IL-1α	1.3	43	60	60 ± 24
IL-1β	0.2	40	30	95 ± 8
IFN-γ	0.8	33	17	75 ± 25
TNF-α	0.5	20	17	71 ± 18
Other cytokines
IL-2	0.3	20	20	95 ± 8
IL-3	1.3	23	3	95 ± 10
IL-4	1.4	10	0	92 ± 16
IL-5	0.1	40	10	100 ± 5
IL-7	2.4	20	33	93 ± 9
IL-10	0.1	53	33	91 ± 8
IL-12p70	0.9	33	20	94 ± 9
IL-13	0.2	30	37	83 ± 12
IL-15	0.1	50	53	89 ± 9
GM-CSF	1.0	30	30	94 ± 12

^aFour markers (RANTES/CCL5, MIP-1α/CCL3, Eotaxin/CCL26, and IL-12p40) were omitted because of unsatisfactory standard curves, as described in the Concise Methods sections.

^bThe detection limit of an assay is defined by the manufacturer as 2 SD above the mean reading of 20 replicates of the zero standard. A marker is regarded as detected when duplicate measurements both are above the detection limit.

^cPercentage recovery is the concentration estimated by the assay divided by the known concentration spiked in the urine (556 pg/ml).