Abstract
“Viili,” a fermented milk product, has a firm but viscous consistency. It is produced with traditional mesophilic mixed-strain starters, which have various stabilities in dairy practice. Thirteen morphologically different types of phages were found in 90 viili samples studied by electron microscopy. Ten of the phage types had isometric heads with long, noncontractile tails, two had elongated heads with long, noncontractile tails, and one had a unique, very long elongated head with a short tail. Further morphological differences were found in the tail size and in the presence or absence of a collar, a baseplate, and a tail fiber. To find hosts for the industrially significant phages, we examined the sensitivities of 500 bacterial isolates from starters of the viili. Seven of the phages attacked Streptococcus cremoris strains, three attacked S. lactis subsp. diacetylactis strains, and four attacked Leuconostoc cremoris strains. Some phages differed only in their host specificity. Hosts were not found for 4 of the 13 morphological types of phages.
Full text
PDF
Images in this article
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Ackermann H. W., Cantor E. D., Jarvis A. W., Lembke J., Mayo J. A. New species definitions in phages of gram-positive cocci. Intervirology. 1984;22(4):181–190. doi: 10.1159/000149550. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ackermann H. W., Eisenstark A. The present state of phage taxonomy. Intervirology. 1974;3(4):201–219. doi: 10.1159/000149758. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ackermann H. W., Nguyen T. M. Sewage coliphages studied by electron microscopy. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1983 Mar;45(3):1049–1059. doi: 10.1128/aem.45.3.1049-1059.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Chopin M. C., Rousseau M. Tubular heads in bacteriophages from lactic streptococci. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1983 Jan;45(1):294–296. doi: 10.1128/aem.45.1.294-296.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Jarvis A. W. DNA-DNA Homology Between Lactic Streptococci and Their Temperate and Lytic Phages. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1984 May;47(5):1031–1038. doi: 10.1128/aem.47.5.1031-1038.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Jarvis A. W. Differentiation of lactic streptococcal phages into phage species by DNA-DNA homology. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1984 Feb;47(2):343–349. doi: 10.1128/aem.47.2.343-349.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Keogh B. P., Shimmin P. D. Morphology of the bacteriophages of lactic streptococci. Appl Microbiol. 1974 Feb;27(2):411–415. doi: 10.1128/am.27.2.411-415.1974. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kontusaari S. I., Vuokila P. T., Forsén R. I. Immunochemical study of triton X-100-soluble surface components of slime-forming, encapsulated Streptococcus cremoris from the fermented milk product viili. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1985 Jul;50(1):174–176. doi: 10.1128/aem.50.1.174-176.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Saxelin M. L., Nurmiaho E. L., Korhola M. P., Sundman V. Partial characterization of a new C3-type capsule-dissolving phage of Streptococcus cremoris. Can J Microbiol. 1979 Oct;25(10):1182–1187. doi: 10.1139/m79-183. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Terzaghi B. E., Sandine W. E. Improved medium for lactic streptococci and their bacteriophages. Appl Microbiol. 1975 Jun;29(6):807–813. doi: 10.1128/am.29.6.807-813.1975. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Teuber M., Lembke J. The bacteriophages of lactic acid bacteria with emphasis on genetic aspects of group N lactic streptococci. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 1983 Sep;49(3):283–295. doi: 10.1007/BF00399504. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tsaneva K. P. Electron microscopy of virulent phages for Streptococcus lactis. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1976 Apr;31(4):590–601. doi: 10.1128/aem.31.4.590-601.1976. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]