Mean (a) elevational range and (b) latitudinal range of urban (black bars) and rural (open bars) birds. The error bars indicate +1 s.e. Urban birds had broader elevational and latitudinal ranges than rural congeners (one-sample t-tests; elevation, t=4.60, d.f.=99, p<0.00001; latitude, t=5.42, d.f.=100, p<0.000001).