Table 2.
Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Sample (N = 44)
| Variable | Boys | Girls | Total/Grand Mean |
|---|---|---|---|
| (N = 21) | (N = 23) | (N = 44) | |
| Age at entry to study: M (SD) | 14.05 (1.43) | 14.91 (1.53) | 14.50 (1.53) |
| Age at first treatment: M (SD) | 6.58 (3.75) | 9.95 (3.15)** | 8.30 (3.82) |
| Bipolar diagnosis: No. (%) | |||
| Bipolar I | 15 (71.4) | 18 (78.3) | 33 (66.0) |
| Bipolar II | 1 (4.8) | 3 (13.0) | 4 (8.0) |
| Bipolar NOS | 5 (23.8) | 2 (8.7) | 7 (14.0) |
| Presence of comorbid ADHD: No. (%) | 15 (71.4) | 9 (39.1)* | 24 (54.5) |
| Presence of comorbid ADHD, ODD, and CD: No. (%) | 20 (95.2) | 22 (95.7) | 2.59 (1.32) |
| Lifetime duration of illness, yrs., M (SD) | 7.48 (3.35) | 5.14 (2.59)* | 6.28 (3.18) |
| Intact family: No. (%) | 15 (71.4) | 18 (78.3) | 33 (66.0) |
| Prior Hospitalization, No. (%) | 7 (33.0) | 11 (47.8) | 18 (40.9) |
| Taking medication: No. (%) | 19 (90.5) | 20 (87.0) | 39 (78.0) |
| Onset: No. (%) | |||
| Childhood | 15 (71.4) | 6 (26.1)** | 21 (42.0) |
| Adolescence | 5 (23.8) | 17 (73.9)** | 22 (44.0) |
| EE: No. (%) | |||
| Low | 10 (47.6) | 7 (30.4) | 17 (38.6) |
| High, overall | 11 (52.4) | 16 (69.6) | 27 (61.4) |
| High, Critical | 3 (14.3) | 14 (60.9)** | 17 (38.6) |
| High, EOI | 10 (47.6) | 9 (38.1) | 19 (38.0) |
| Total critical comments: M (SD) | 3.29 (2.65) | 6.17 (3.69)** | 4.80 (3.52) |
| Total EOI score: M (SD) | 2.67 (1.11) | 2.22 (1.04) | 2.43 (1.09) |
| Functioning: M (SD)1 | |||
| Academics | 2.75 (.64) | 2.48 (.99) | 2.60 (.85) |
| Peers | 2.20 (.62) | 1.96 (.77) | 2.07 (.70) |
| Home | 2.50 (.83) | 2.35 (.94) | 2.42 (.88) |
| Community | 1.65 (.88) | 2.04 (.82) | 1.86 (.86) |
| Symptoms: M (SD)2 | |||
| Depression | 3.75 (1.52) | 4.48 (1.04)* | 4.14 (1.32) |
| Euphoria | 3.70 (.73) | 3.52 (.73) | 3.60 (.73) |
| Irritability | 4.25 (.91) | 4.26 (.75) | 4.30 (.82) |
| Anxiety | 2.80 (1.32) | 2.78 (1.28) | 2.79 (1.28) |
| Psychosis | 1.90 (1.17) | 1.87 (1.06) | 1.88 (1.10) |
| Sleep | 2.70 (1.03) | 3.13 (.97) | 2.93 (1.01) |
| Energy regulation | 3.05 (1.00) | 3.26 (1.01) | 3.16 (1.00) |
| Attention | 3.55 (.89) | 3.35 (1.07) | 3.44 (.98) |
denotes differences significant at the p < .05 level,
p < .01 level; NOS = not otherwise specified; ADHD = attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; ODD = oppositional defiant disorder; CD = conduct disorder; EE = expressed emotion; EOI = emotional overinvolvement. Data on age at onset was missing for one boy.
Functioning scores were based on the Child and Adolescent Functioning Assessment Scale, which uses 1 (low impairment) to 4 (high impairment) scales.
The depression, euphoria, irritability, anxiety, and psychosis items were rated on the 1 – 6 Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia Depression and Mania Rating Scales scales of severity. The sleep, energy regulation, and attention items were rated on 1–4 scales of severity.