Table 1.
Stand-level comparisons of 3D vegetation density between native- and invasive-dominated forests
| Forest stand | Cumulative area, ha | Canopy | Midlevel | Understory |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Montane forest | ||||
| F. uhdei | 60.2 | 81.9 ± 5.4* | 8.3 ± 0.5* | 5.9 ± 2.7* |
| Native | 60.7 | 62.4 ± 3.4† | 26.5 ± 1.9† | 11.4 ± 1.6† |
| Submontane forest | ||||
| M. faya | 97.2 | 95.2 ± 13.1* | — | 4.8 ± 2.2* |
| Native | 94.3 | 62.5 ± 7.6† | 25.0 ± 2.8 | 12.5 ± 6.0† |
| Submontane forest | ||||
| H. gardnerianum | 61.1 | 51.9 ± 6.5* | 9.6 ± 1.1* | 38.5 ± 5.0* |
| Native | 63.8 | 60.5 ± 5.8* | 27.6 ± 2.7† | 11.9 ± 4.0† |
| Lowland forest | ||||
| F. moluccana | 51.9 | 78.5 ± 4.9* | 13.0 ± 0.5* | 8.5 ± 0.8* |
| Native | 48.8 | 50.5 ± 3.8† | 37.6 ± 2.7† | 11.9 ± 3.0† |
| Lowland forest | ||||
| P. cattleianum | 79.7 | 17.5 ± 2.0* | 78.3 ± 9.3* | 4.2 ± 0.5* |
| Native | 80.8 | 55.0 ± 4.2† | 29.3 ± 0.8† | 10.1 ± 3.0† |
Values are the mean (± SE) percentages of total forest canopy volume defined by the number of airborne laser returns. Symbols indicate differences at each vertical stratum in the forest canopy (t tests, P < 0.05). Dash (—) indicates foliage densities <1%.