Table 1.

ATRA, 9-cis RA and 13-cis RA significantly increase the production of Th2-associated cytokines from anti-CD3-stimulated PBMC cultures in a dose-dependent fashion.

IL-4	Fold vs Control ± SE (n = 3)
	Doses (nM)
	1	10	100	1000
Retinoid
ATRA	1.7 ± 0.55	2.4 ± 0.40	2.5 ± 0.48	2.7 ± 0.64
9-cis-RA	1.2 ± 0.05	2.3 ± 0.38	2.3 ± 0.57	2.4 ± 0.65
13-cis-RA	1.2 ± 0.13	1.7 ± 0.25	1.7 ± 0.42	1.8 ± 0.30
4-HPR	0.7 ± 0.11	0.8 ± 0.18	1.0 ± 0.13	1.6 ± 0.45
2-way ANOVA
Dose	p = 0.02
Retinoid	p = 0.0003
Tukey Kramer
Dose	p < 0.05	1 nM vs 100 nM
		1 nM vs 1000 nM
Retinoid	p < 0.01	4-HPR vs ATRA
	p < 0.01	4-HPR vs 9-cis-RA
IL-5	Fold vs Control ± SE (n = 3)
	Doses (nM)
	1	10	100	1000
Retinoid
ATRA	1.9 ± 0.41	2.4 ± 1.0	2.8 ± 1.1	3.1 ± 1.3
9-cis-RA	1.0 ± 0.10	2.4 ± 1.0	3.0 ± 0.85	3.0 ± 1.1
13-cis-RA	1.3 ± 0.31	1.6 ± 0.45	1.9 ± 0.67	2.0 ± 0.84
4-HPR	0.8 ± 0.05	0.9 ± 0.26	1.2 ± 0.40	1.5 ± 0.30
2-way ANOVA
Dose	p = 0.07
Retinoid	p = 0.005
Tukey Kramer
Retinoid	p < 0.05	4-HPR vs 9-cis RA
	p < 0.01	4-HPR vs ATRA