. 2008 Apr 16;9:16. doi: 10.1186/1471-2172-9-16

Table 4.

ATRA and the RAR-α agonist, AM580, directly influence T cell activation and induce T cell differentiation towards a Th2 phenotype.

A.
Treatment	Cytokine (pg/ml) ± SE (n = 4)

	IL-4	IL-5	IL-13	IL-10	IFN-γ

EtOH Control	77 ± 32 ^ac	415 ± 188 ^a	524 ± 249^a	491 ± 143 ^a	4260 ± 674
ATRA	112 ± 48^ab	775 ± 328 ^b	671 ± 280^b	295 ± 88 ^b	4135 ± 379
Am 580	107 ± 34^ab	744 ± 307 ^ab	599 ± 300^b	308 ± 94 ^b	3835 ± 457
RO 41–5253	42 ± 15 ^c	223 ± 109 ^c	466 ± 232^ac	295 ± 55 ^b	3230 ± 648

(IL-10, n = 3)

B.

Treatment	CD Marker MCN ± SE (n = 3)

	CD38	CD69

EtOH Control	466 ± 60 ^a	348 ± 41^a
ATRA	1073 ± 197 ^b	521 ± 34^b
Am 580	1019 ± 151 ^b	467 ± 18 ^c
RO 41–5253	296 ± 21 ^a	263 ± 27 ^d

T cells were activated for 48 h and cytokines and surface markers were measured as described in the Materials and Methods. Measurements were compared with repeated measures ANOVA. Values with different superscripts are significant at p < 0.05. All retinoids were used at a final concentration of 1 × 10^-7M.