Table 2. Distribution of breast cancer risk factors in controls by ethnic subgroup.
| Gujarati Hindu (n=186) | Punjabi Hindu (n=54) | Punjabi Sikh (n=105) | Pakistani/Indian Muslim (n=101) | Bangladeshi Muslim (n=29) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) unless otherwise stated | |||||
| Socio-demographic characteristics | |||||
| Age at diagnosis of index case (years) | 51.7 (9.5) | 51.9 (7.9) | 50.1 (9.1) | 51.8 (8.6) | 52.1 (9.1) |
| Age at migration to UK (years) | 29.2 (10.8) | 25.4 (9.3) | 24.8 (9.7) | 28.6 (10.7) | 36.6 (13.3) |
| % East African South Asian | 70.4 | 14.8 | 21.0 | 24.8 | 0 |
| % with no formal eduction | 7.0 | 13.0 | 21.9 | 32.7 | 17.2 |
| % in manual social classes | 36.6 | 35.2 | 60 | 41.6 | 75.9 |
| Reproductive factors | |||||
| Age at menarche (years)a | 13.8 (1.8) | 13.7 (1.7) | 14.1 (1.7) | 13.9 (1.7) | 12.7 (1.4) |
| % nulliparous | 10.2 | 1.4 | 3.7 | 5.7 | 2.9 |
| Age at first birth (years)b | 23.7 (4.6) | 23.6 (3.8) | 23.6 (4.6) | 23.2 (4.4) | 22.4 (4.8) |
| Parityb n (%) | |||||
| 1–2 | 84 (50) | 24 (45) | 35 (35) | 25 (26) | 6 (21) |
| 3–4 | 69 (41) | 18 (34) | 45 (45) | 33 (24) | 5 (18) |
| ⩾5 | 16 (9) | 11 (21) | 20 (20) | 38 (40) | 17 (61) |
| Breast feedingb | |||||
| Ever breastfed (%) | 84 | 81 | 72 | 81 | 86 |
| Median total lifetime duration (months) | 12.0 | 5.0 | 7.3 | 12.4 | 63.1 |
| Median duration per child (months) | 6.5 | 3.7 | 4.4 | 5.1 | 14.5 |
| % post menopausal | 57 | 50 | 42 | 53 | 52 |
| Median age at menopause (years) | 47 | 47 | 49 | 46 | 48 |
| Familial factors | |||||
| % with family history of breast cancer | 4.8 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 3.0 | 0.0 |
| % with first degree consanguineous parents | 0 | 0 | 0 | 29.7 | 27.6 |
| Environmental factorsc | |||||
| Adult height (cm) | 153.2 (5.6) | 155.3 (6.6) | 155.8 (6.3) | 155.2 (6.0) | 151.2 (5.4) |
| Leg length (cm) | 75.7 (7.0) | 76.0 (5.6) | 75.9 (7.6) | 76.6 (4.6) | 73.9 (3.3) |
| Waist : hip ratio | 0.80 (0.07) | 0.81 (0.07) | 0.82 (0.07) | 0.83 (0.07) | 0.90 (0.06) |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 84.5 (10.0) | 87.7 (10.6) | 87.2 (10.2) | 88.2 (11.9) | 89.8 (10.9) |
| BMId (kg m−2) | 27.5 (4.7) | 28.7 (5.0) | 28.3 (5.0) | 27.9 (5.1) | 26.4 (5.2) |
| METe score at age 12f | 36.7 (33.5–40.3) | 32.9 (27.2–39.8) | 38.4 (35.0–42.2) | 37.8 (32.8–43.6) | 43.7 (35.5–53.7) |
| METe score at age 30f | 13.4 (12.0–14.8) | 12.4 (10.0–15.4) | 16.0 (14.2–18.0) | 16.2 (13.8–18.9) | 20.8 (15.7–27.5) |
| % Vegetarian diet | 78 | 43 | 42 | 0 | 0 |
| Energy intake (kcal day−1) | 1949 (488) | 1923 (513) | 1940 (471) | 1851 (539) | 1815 (469) |
| % Energy from fat | 42.3 (6.0) | 36.2 (5.5) | 36.9 (4.9) | 36.6 (4.9) | 38.2 (5.1) |
| NSPg (g/1000 kcal) | 11.3 (1.8) | 12.1 (2.3) | 11.9 (2.2) | 10.7 (2.4) | 5.9 (2.2) |
a
22 women with missing values excluded.
b
Parous women only.
c
All anthropometric data measured at interview; 14 women without anthropometric data excluded.
d
BMI=body mass index.
e
MET=metabolic equivalent score per week.
f
Geometric mean and 95% confidence interval.
g
NSP=nonstarch polysaccarides.