Table 1.

Summary for the Three Sources of Ghosting: Amplitude and Phase Discontinuities, and Time Delays. The first column is the amplitude of the m ± 1 ghosts normalized by the image intensity. The second column is the criteria of each source for reducing ghosts below the ghost to noise ratio, α. The third column is the minimum possible ghost to noise ratio using the reference method described in the text.

	Ghost amplitude (m = ± 1)	Discontinuity criteria	Ghost to noise ratio
Amplitude	$\left|G_A\right|=\frac{\Delta A}{2n_i\sin (\pi ∕2n_i)}$	$\Delta A\le \frac{2\alpha n_i\sin (\pi ∕2n_i)}{\mathrm{SNR}}$
Phase	$\left|G_{\varphi }\right|=\sin \left(\frac{\Delta \varphi }{2}\right)\frac{1}{n_i\sin (\pi ∕2n_i)}$	$\Delta \varphi \le \frac{2\alpha n_i\sin (\pi ∕2n_i)}{\mathrm{SNR}}$	$\alpha \ge \frac{\Delta y}{S_y}\sqrt{\frac{\Delta x}{S_x}}\frac{\sqrt{N_y}}{\sqrt{2}{n}_i\sin (\pi ∕2n_i)}$
Time delay	$\left|G_s\left[n_x\right]\right|=\sin \left(\frac{2\pi {\mathit{sn}}_x}{N_x}\right)\frac{1}{n_i\sin (\pi ∕2n_i)}$	$t_d\le \frac{\Delta x\alpha n_i\sin (\pi ∕2n_i)}{\mathrm{BW}{S}_x\pi \mathrm{SNR}}$	$\alpha \ge \frac{\Delta y}{S_x}\sqrt{\frac{\Delta x}{S_y}}\frac{\sqrt{6N_y}}{n_i\sin (\pi ∕2n_i)}$