Table 1.

Growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, and other proinflammatory mediators downregulated by PPARγ activation. PDGF-BB, platelet-derived growth factor-BB homodimer; AP-1, activated protein-1; NF-κB = nuclear factor-κB; NFAT = nuclear factor of activated T lymphocytes; STAT = signal transducer and activator of transcription; ICAM, intracellular adhesion molecule; VCAM, vascular cell adhesion molecule; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase. (Adapted with permission from: B. Staels, “PPARγ and atherosclerosis.” Current Medical Research and Opinion, vol. 21, Suppl. 1, pp. S13-S20, 2005; H. A. Pershadsingh, “Dual peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha/gamma agonists : in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and the metabolic syndrome.” Treatments in Endocrinology, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 89-99, 2006.)

Growth factors	Cytokines	Chemokines	Nuclear transcription factors	Other molecules
ATII	IL-1β	IL-8	AP-1	IFN-γ
TGF-β	IL-2	MCP-1	NF-κB	iNOS
ET-1	IL-6	RANTES	STAT	PAI-1
bFGF	TNF-α		NFAT	MMP-2
PDGF-BB				MMP-9
EGF				VCAM-1
VEGF				ICAM-1
				E-selectin