FIGURE 12.

Ciglitazone enhances microglial phagocytosis of S. aureus. Primary microglia were seeded onto 12-mm coverslips at 2 × 10⁵ cells per coverslip and incubated overnight in 24-well plates. The following day, cells were pretreated with 50 µM ciglitazone or vehicle (DMSO) for 24 h to influence PPAR-γ response element-driven gene expression. Subsequently, microglia were incubated with 4 × 10⁶ heat-inactivated S. aureus-GFP (green) for 2 h, and visualization of intracellular bacteria was detected using confocal microscopy at a magnification ×40. Results are representative of three independent experiments.