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Genetic relationships between parasite replication and virulence. Parasite clones obtained from the western and eastern North American monarch populations varied in virulence, as indicated by the lifespan of infected monarchs (a and b); western parasites were on average more virulent than eastern parasites. Parasite virulence was related to parasite replication rate (c and d). Data points are parasite clone means; error bars (a and b) are 1 SEM.
