Fig. 4.

Differentiation between the orchid mimics (n = 130) and their female bee models (n = 261) in emission patterns of the three key odor compounds [(Z)-7-C21, (Z)-7-C23, and (Z)-7-C25] for the attraction of C. cunicularius males. Mean (± SE) relative amounts in individual odor extracts, in percentage of the total odor blend, across all 15 populations investigated for this study are shown. The analysis shows that overall there is a significant difference (Mann–Whitney U test: P < 0.01) in the mean relative amounts of the three key odor compounds between orchid mimics and their female bee models, irrespective of the geographic origin of the samples. Different letters on top of error bars indicate significant differences in odor emission; the numbers of samples analyzed are listed under the columns.